
CopyiightN^.'. 



COPYI^IGHT DEPOSIT. 



HIGH SCHOOL 
EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 



HIGH SCHOOL 
EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 



BY 



MAUDE M. FRANK, A.B. 

INSTRUCTOR IN ENGLISH, DE WITT CLINTON HIGH SCHOOL, 

NEW YORK CITY 

AUTHOR OF "constructive EXERCISES IN ENGLISH" 



NEW YORK 

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO 

FOURTH AVENUE AND 30TH STREET 
1911 






Copyright, 1911, bt 
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 






THE QUINN A BODEN CO. PRESS 
BAHWAY, N. J. 



CI.A2SM;447 



PREFACE 

EoR a variety of reasons, the training in grammar 
given in the elementary school is not a final equipment 
for high school work. In the secondary school, therefore, 
some new phases of the problem must be considered. 
The work in foreign languages, as well as in English, 
requires at once greater breadth of treatment and closer 
discrimination in the application of the laws of gram- 
matical relation than can be given in the elementary 
school stage. The study of grammar, therefore, should 
be continued in the high school. It should, however, 
be not merely a review, but a developnient of the earlier 
course, and yet, since there can be no time for extended 
study, it must remain a subsidiary subject, taught with 
great concentration and economy of energy, the question 
of emphasis being kept constantly in the foreground. 

The aim of the present book is to provide the material 
needed for the rapid intensive work which is most 
practical and most profitable in the high school. To 
this end, groups of exercises, each containing a con- 
siderable number of sentences selected from standard 
literature, have been so prepared as to illustrate the 
normal forms and constructions of the language. 
Theory h^s been limited to the presentation of the 
points necessary for intelligent progress from exercise 
to exercise, and has therefore been stated as briefly as 
possible. The material has been arranged, primarily. 



vi PREFACE 

to fulfil the requirements of a high school course in 
grammar, covering one to two years of work, according 
to the amount of time allotted to the subject. How- 
ever, since the method of relating the different topics 
by cross-references has been consistently followed 
throughout the book, the various divisions may without 
difficulty be used independently of the general plan. 

Since to enumerate the books consulted in the prepa- 
ration of this small volume would require an apology 
for " choosing so strong a prop to support so weak a 
burden," a general acknowledgment must take the place 
of detailed mention. In questions of terminology and 
kindred matters no attempt has been made to depart 
from the usage of standard works on the subject. 



CONTENTS 



PAGES 

CHAPTER I.— INTRODUCTORY . . . . .1-9 
Units of Language Defined. Sentences Classi- 
fied ACCORDING TO USE AND ACCORDING TO STRUC- 
TURE. Table of Parts of Speech. 

CHAPTER II.— THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 10-49 
Verbs with Reference to Form, Meaning, and 
Use. Word Complements of Verbs. Conjuga- 
tion. Mood and Tense. Analysis of the Simple 
Sentence. 

CHAPTER III.— THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 

(Continued) 50-75 

Verbals. Phrase and Clause Complements. 
Analysis of the Complex Sentence. 

CHAPTER IV.— THE NOUN . . . . . . 76-99 

Classes of Nouns. Syntax of the Noun, the 
Noun Phrase, and the Noun Clause. Analysis 
OF the Complex Sentence (Continued). 

CHAPTER v.— THE PRONOUN .... 100-118 

Classes of Pronouns. Syntax of the Pronoun. 

CHAPTER VI.— THE ADJECTIVE . . . ' . 119-131 

Classes of Adjectives. Syntax of the Adjec- 
tive, THE Adjective Phrase, and the Adjective 
Clause. Analysis of the Complex Sentence 
( Continued ) . 

vii 



viii CONTENTS 

PAGES 

CHAPTER VII.— THE ADVERB . . . . 132-147 

Adverbs Classified with Reference to Use and 
TO Meaning. Syntax of the Adverb, the Ad- 
verbial Phrase, and the Adverbial Clause. 
Analysis of the Complex Sentence (Continued). 

CHAPTER VIII.— THE PREPOSITION . . . 148-158 
Syntax of the Preposition. Analysis of the 
Complex Sentence (Continued). 

CHAPTER IX.— THE CONJUNCTION . . 159-165 

Classes of Conjunctions. Syntax of the Con- 
junction. Analysis of the Compotjnd Sentence. 

CHAPTER X.— THE INTERJECTION . . . 166-167 

CHAPTER XI.— VARIETY OF FUNCTION . 168-184 

Words Used as Different Parts of Speech. 

CHAPTER XII.— DIAGRAMS 185-191 



CHAPTER I 

INTKODUCTOEY 

1. For purposes of grammatical study, the units 
of language are classified as Words, Phrases, 
Clauses, and Sentences. 

2. A Word is classified according to its use as one 
of the eight Parts of Speech: Koun, Pronoun, Adjec- 
tive, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and In- 
terjection. 

3. A Phrase is a combination of .related words not 
containing a Subject and Predicate, and itself used 
as the equivalent of a single word (61). 

1 They hear a voice in every wind. 

2 Loud sang the minstrels all, 

Chanting his glory. 

3 I have no song to give thee. 

4. A Clause is a division of a sentence containing 
a Subject and a Predicate. Clauses are classified as 
(1) Principal or Independent, and (2) Subordinate. A 
Principal Clause states the leading thought of the sen- 
tence: as, 

Remember him who led your host. 

5. A Subordinate Clause is related to some word 
in the Principal Clause, and is equivalent to (1) a 
I^oun, (2) an Adjective, or (3) an Adverb: as, 



2 EXERCISES IN GEAMMAE 

1 The village all declared how much he knew. 

2 All who joy would win 

Must share it. 

3 He sat where festal howls went round. 

6. A Sentence is a group of related words express- 
ing a complete thought and containing at least one 
Subject and one Predicate. 

Exercise 1. Distinguish phrases and clauses from 
sentences : — 

1 Consider this. 

2 When I did speak of some distressful stroke. 

3 How wonderful is Sleep ! 

4 Oft in the stilly night, 

Ere slumber's chains have bound me. 

5 When shall we three meet again? 

6 To be imprison'd in the viewless winds. 

7 Go. 

8 Never to blend our pleasure or our pride 
With sorrow of the meanest thing that feels. 

9 In that temple of silence and reconciliation where 
the enmities of twenty generations lie buried, in the great 
Abbey which has during many ages afforded a quiet 
resting-place to those whose minds and bodies have been 
shattered by the contentions of the Great Hall. 

10 Would he were fatter! 

11 Though nothing can bring back the hour 

Of splendor in the grass, of glory in the flower. 

12 To wake no more. 

13 When I consider how my light is spent. 

14 what a goodly outside falsehood hath! 

15 As if the man had fixed his face 
In many a solitary and open place 
Against the earth and sky. 

16 Charge, Chester, charge ! 



IKTRODUCTORY 3 

17 How to tell my story. 

18 My heart remembers how! 

19 As monkish scribes from morning break 

Toiled till the close of night, 
Nor thouglit a day too long to make 
One line or letter bright. 

20 Sweet Mercy ! to the gates of heaven 
This minstrel lead, his sins forgiven. 

7. With reference to Structure, sentences are classi- 
fied as Simple, Complex, and Compound. 

8. A Simple Sentence contains no Subordinate 
Clauses: as, 

1 Under tower and balcony. 
By garden wall and gallery, 

A gleaming shape she floated by. 

2 Sceptre and crown 
Shall tumble down. 

3 The rainbow comes and goes. 

9. A Complex Sentence contains one Principal 
Clause or Proposition and one or more Subordinate 
Clauses, used as (1) Nouns, (2) Adjectives, or (3) 
Adverbs: as, 

1 I dreamt that I dwelt in marhle halls. 

2 The wreath that star-crowned Shelley gave 
Is lying on thy Roman grave. 

3 Go tvhere Glory waits thee. 

10. A Compound Sentence consists of two or more 
Independent Propositions or Members. The Members 
of a Compound Sentence may themselves be either 
Simple or Complex (9) : as, 



EXERCISES m GRAMMAR 

1 I came like water, and like wind I go. 

2 Catch, then, oh catch the transient hour^ 
Improve each moment as it flies. 



Exercise 2. Classify the following sentences accord- 
ing to structure: — 

1 Thy Godlike crime was to be kind. 

2 And up and down the people go, 
Gazing where the lilies blow. 
Round an island there below. 

3 Here came a mortal, 
But faithless was she. 

4 If it be a sin to covet honor, 

I am the most offending soul alive. 

5 She dropped her glove, to prove his love, then 

looked at him and smiled. 

6 Tradition in the United States still fondly retains 
the history of the feasts and rejoicings which awaited 
Irving on his return to his native country. 

7 The splendors of the firmament 

May be eclipsed, but are extinguished not. 

8 Keats and Shelley sleep at Rome; 
She, in well-lov'd Tuscan earth. 

9 Then felt I like some watcher of the skies 
When a new planet swims into his ken. 

10 And the little Revenge herself went down by the 

island crags, 
To be lost evermore in the main. 

11 He was not missed from the desert wide. 
Perhaps he was found at the Throne. 

12 Thy soul was like a star, and dwelt apart. 

13 Why are we weigh'd upon with heaviness. 
And utterly consumed with sharp distress, 
W]n\e all things else have rest from weariness? 

14 But the good Irving, the peaceful, the friendly, had 



INTRODUCTORY 5 

no place for bitterness in his hearty and no scheme but 
kindness. 

15 When Byron's eyes were shut in death, 
We bow'd our head, and held our breath: 

16 Time is ever silently turning over his pages; we 
are too much engrossed by the story of the present to 
think of the characters and anecdotes that gave interest 
to the past. 

17 Encumbered dearly with old books, 
Thou, by the pleasant chimney nooks. 
Didst laugh, with merry-meaning looks. 

Thy grief away. 

18 We may not win the baton or epaulettes, but God 
give us strength to guard the honor of the flag! 

19 The sun was pouring down a yellow autumnal ray 
into the space of the cloisters, beaming upon a scanty plot 
of grass in the center, and lighting up an angle of the 
vaulted passage with a kind of dusky splendor. 

20 Bought alone by gifts beyond all price, 
The trusting heart's repose, the paradise 

Of home, with all its loves — doth fate allow 
The crown of glory unto woman's brow. 

11. With reference to Use, sentences are classified 
as (1) Declarative, (2) Interrogative, (3) Impera- 
tive, and (4) Exclamatory. 

12. Declarative Sentences make statements or asser- 
tions. Interrogative Sentences ask questions. Im- 
perative Sentences express commands or entreaties. 
Exclamatory Sentences express sudden or strong emo- 
tion: as, 

1 My Captain does not answer. 

2 Where are the songs of summer? 

3 Render thanks to the Giver. 

4 How I loved her twenty years syne ! 



6 EXERCISES IX GRAMMAR 

Note : When a sentence expressing a command or an 
entreaty has the Exclamatory form, it is necessary to 
decide whether the Command or the Exclamation has the 
greater emphasis: as, ''Forward, the Light Brigade!"; 
" Sleep soft, beloved ! " 

Exercise 3. Classify the following sentences accord- 
ing to use: — 

1 Read my little fable. 

2 Would it were worthier! 

3 When he's forsaken, 
Withered and shaken, 

What can an old man do but die? 

4 Strange to me now are the forms I meet. 

5 Thou hast all seasons for thine own, Death! 

6 Greet the unseen with a cheer ! 

7 Exult, shores, and ring, bells! 
But I with mournful tread 

Walk the deck my Captain lies, 
Fallen cold and dead. 

8 Werther had a love for Charlotte 
Such as words could never utter. 
Would you know how first he met her? 
She was cutting bread and butter. 

9 Drain we the cup — 
Friend, art afraid? 

10 Swell, organ, swell your trumpet blast! 
March, Queen and Royal pageant, march 
By splendid aisle and springing arch 

Of this fair hall ! 

11 Time driveth onward fast, 

And in a little while our lips are dumb. 
Let us alone. What is it that will last? 

12 Leave thy low-vaulted past! 

Let each new temple, loftier than the last, 
Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast. 



INTEODUCTORY 7 

13 Sing me a song of a lad that is gone; 
Say, could that lad be I? 

14 Contrive, contrive 
To rouse us, Waring! Who's alive? 
Our men scarce seem in earnest now. 

15 Oh, what's the way to Arcady? 
Sir Poet, with the rusty coat, 

Quit mocking of the song-bird's note. 

13. Table of Parts of Speech: 

Nouns: Words used as names of objects, persons, 
actions, or ideas. 

Pronouns: Words used to take the place of nouns. 

Adjectives: Words used to modify nouns and pro- 
nouns. 

Verbs: Words used to assert action or being. 

Adverbs: Words used to modify verbs, adjectives, 
and adverbs. 

Prepositions: Words used to show relation between 
a noun or a pronoun and some other word in the 
sentence. 

Conjunctions : Words used to connect words, phrases, 
and clauses. 

Interjections : Words used to express strong emotion. 

Exercise 4. Classify the words in the following sen- 
tences according to the definitions given above: — 

1 In winter I get up at night 
And dress by yellow candle-light. 

2 Birds in their little nests agree. 

And 'tis a shameful sight 
When children of one family 
Tall out and chide and fight. 



8 EXERCISES IN GRAMmi 

3 The chimney smokes for dinner as you go along; 
the banks of the canal slowly unroll their scenery to con- 
templative eyes; tlie barge floats by great forests and 
through great cities with their public buildings and their 
lamps at night. 

4 Napoleon was now supreme in Europe. Nothing in 
romance approaches the facts of his amazing career. He 
was yet only thirty-nine years of age; twelve years ago 
he was an unemployed officer of artillery, without influ- 
ence or friends; now he made or unmade kings, and regu- 
lated at his pleasure the destiny of nations. 

5 Where the quiet-colored end of evening smiles 

Miles and miles 
On the solitary pastures w^here our sheep 

Half-asleep 
Tinkle homeward through the twilight, stray or stop. 

As they crop — 
Was the site once of a city great and gay, 

(So they say). 

6 The wind huddled the trees. The golden specks of 
autumn in the birches tossed shiveringly. Overhead the 
sky was full of shreds and vapor, flying, vanishing, re- 
appearing, and turning about an axis like tumblers, as 
the wind hounded them through heaven. 

7 I steal by lawns and grassy plots; 

I slide by hazel covers; 
I move the sweet forget-me-nots 
That grow for happy lovers. 

8 Mourn not for the owl nor his gloomy plight! 

The owl hath his share of good : 
If a prisoner he be in the broad daylight. 
He is lord in the dark greenwood. 

9 It was in those days of misery and violence that 
the demand for reform in the system of Parliamentary 
representation first became formidable. Prominent among 
those who created and directed public opinion on this 
subject was William Cobbett. His writings found their 



INTRODUCTORY 9 



way to ever)^ cottage hearth in England, and exercised 
an authority immediate and powerful. 

10 And lastly, courage, so far as it is a sign of race, 
is peculiarly the mark of a gentleman or a lady; but it 
becomes vulgar if rude or insensitive, while timidity is 
not vulgar, if it be a characteristic of race or fineness of 
make. A fawn is p.ot vulgar in being timid, nor a croco- 
dile " gentle " because courageous. 

14. Inflection is a change in the Form of a word to 
express some variation in its Meaning, or in its Relation 
to another word. 



CHAPTER II 
THE VEEB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 

15. Classified with reference to Form, verbs are 
Regular or Irregular; with reference to Meaning, 
Transitive or Intransitive; with reference to Use, 
Principal or Auxiliary. 

Verbs with Reference to Form. 

16. The Principal Parts of a verb are the Present 
Indicative, the Past Indicative, the Present Participle, 
and the Past Participle : — 



Present 


Past 


Present 


Past 


Indicative 


Indicative 


Participle 


Participle 


1 walk 


walked 


walking 


walked 


2 find 


found 


finding 


found 


3 kneel 


J knelt ) 
( kneeled ) 


kneeling 


j knelt I 
\ kneeled ) 






4 can 


could 







17. A Regular Verb is a verb that forms its Past 
Tense and Past Participle by adding -d or -ed to the 
Present. An Irregular Verb does not form its Past 
Tense and Past Participle by adding -d or -ed to the 
Pi-esent. Verbs that have two forms in the Past Tense 
or the Past Participle are called Redundant. Verbs that 
lack any of the Principal Parts are called Defective. 

10 



THE VEEB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 11 

In section (16), (1) is Kegular ; (2) is Irregular; 
(3) is Eedundant; (4) is Defective. 

Note 1 : Defective Verbs have usually two tenses, the 
Present and the Past. Besides the Auxiliaries may, shall, 
and will .(29), the chief Defective Verbs are can, must, 
ought, need, and beware. 

Note 2 : The Past Participle of a verb can always be 

found by filling the blank in the expression : I liave ; 

(written, hegnn, seen, found, etc.). 

Exercise 5. Give the principal parts of the verbs in 
the following list and state in each case whether the 
verb is regular or irregular: — 



1 


begin 


6 


go 


11 


open 


16 


throw 


2 


talk 


7 


come 


12 


dive 


17 


forget 


3 


think 


8 


beseech 


13 


mean 


18 


eat 


4 


desire 


9 


burn 


11 


put ' 


19 


fly 


5 


catch 


10 


lend 


15 


intend 


20 


flow 



Verbs with Reference to Meaning. 

18. Classified with reference to Meaning, verbs are 
Transitive or Intransitive. 

19. A Transitive Verb denotes action which is re- 
ceived by some person or thing. The Recipient of the 
action must be named or expressed in the sentence. The 
Doer of the action need not be named or expressed. 
The Recipient of the action may be named by (1) the 
Object of the Transitive Verb, or (2) the Subject of 
the Transitive Verb (23) : as, 

1 Thou bring'st the sailor to his wife. 

2 To-day a hero's banner is unfurled. 



12 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAE 

Note : A verb expressing action is Transitive only when 
the sentence contains a word or words answering the ques- 
tion: Who or what is hrought? is unfurled? etc. The 
word answering the question may be a pronoun : as, " I 
saw it clearly." 

Exercise G. In each of the following sentences con- 
taining transitive verbs find the word expressing the 
recipient of the action and tell whether it is the subject 
or the object of the verb: — 

1 Many a bright eye was dimmed with tears. 

2 The gushing flood their tartans dyed. 

3 I hear the noise about thy keel. 

4 He is judged by the council alone. 

5 My good blade carves the casques of men. 

6 Each purple peak, each flinty spire. 
Was bathed in floods of living fire. 

7 Branches they bore of that enchanted fruit. 

8 Him Sir Bedivere remorsefully regarded through his 

tears. 

9 The harp, his sole remaining joy. 
Was carried by an orphan boy. 

10 The mighty Rustum never had a son. 

11 Old Caspar's work was done. 

12 Now mount with me the old oak stair. 

13 Ten thousand saw I at a glance. 

14 All the world loves a lover. 

15 They were canopied by the blue sky. 

16 Dust had soiled his stately crest. 

17 By fairy hands their knell is rung, 
By forms unseen their dirge is sung. 

18 Britannia rules the waves ! 

19 At last 
The longed-for dash of waves is heard. 

20 Such sober certainty of waking bliss 
I never heard till now. 



THE VEEB AXD ITS COMPLEMENTS 13 

20. An Intransitive Verb denotes (1) Action not 
received by any person or thing, or (2) a State or Con- 
dition: as, 

1 Boldly they rode and well. 

2 We are architects of fate. 

Note 1 : Both Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs 
of type (1) denote action. The action of the ' Transitive 
Verb terminates on some person or thing represented by 
the Subject or the Object of the verb. The action of the 
Intransitive Verb affects the doer only, and the doer is 
always the Subject. 

Note 2 : Some verbs, originally Intransitive Verbs of 
action, are followed by a Noun in the Objective case ex- 
pressing the same idea as the verb. This Noun is called 
the Cognate Objective : as, " Your old men shall dream 
dreams." 

Note 3 : Some Intransitive Verbs become Transitive 
through the addition of a Preposition. When the verb is 
changed to the passive voice, the Preposition remains at- 
tached to the verb : as, " They sent for him in hot haste " ; 
" He was sent for in hot haste." 

Exercise 7. Find the verbs of action in the following 
sentences and tell in each case whether the verb is transi- 
tive or intransitive : — 

1 Every man on board went down. 

2 Just for a handful of silver he left us. 

3 The ebbing sea thus beats against the shore; 
The shore repels it: it returns again. 

4 Your pleasures spring like daisies in the grass. 

5 Yes, I write verses now and then. 
G Lay thy sheaf adown and come. 

7 We lodged in a street together. 

8 Kentish Sir Byng stood for his King. 



14 EXERCISES IX GRAMMAR 

9 In each of their cups they dropp'd a crust 
And star'd at the guests with a frown. 

10 How steadfastly she worked at it ! 

11 But the king he turned his back on me 
When he got his own again. 

12 My good bhide carves the casques of men, 
My tough lance thrusteth sure. 

13 Then all leap'd up and join'd their hands, 
With hearty clasp and greeting. 

14 Each other's cups they touch'd all round. 

15 Although I enter not, 
Yet round about the spot 
Ofttimes I hover. 

16 My winged boat, 

A bird afloat 
Swings round the purple peaks. 

17 Swift he bestrode his firefly steed. 

18 Again I turn to the woodlands. 

19 Up to the vaulted firmament 
His path the firefly courser bent. 

20 Fearlessly he skims along. 

21. Some Intransitive Verbs expressing State or 
Condition, such as he, become, seem, look, appear, feel, 
smell, etc., require a Noun or an Adjective as a com- 
pleting term, and hence are known as verbs of Incom- 
plete Predication. The Noun complement denotes the 
same person or thing as the subject and is called the 
Predicate Noun. The Adjective complement modifies 
the subject and is called the Predicate Adjective: as, 

1 Thy prison is a holy place. 

2 Sweet are the uses of adversity. 

Note: Be (30), appear, and seem may also be used as 
verbs of Complete Predication to make complete state- 



THE VEEB A:N'D ITS COMPLEMENTS 15 

ments; look may be used as an Intransitive Verb of ac- 
tion (20) ; feel, smell, and become (adorn) may be 
Transitive Verbs. 

Exercise 8. In the following sentences, find the com- 
plements of the intransitive verbs of incomplete predica- 
tion and tell luhether each complement is a predicate 
noun or predicate adjective: — , 

1 A thing of beauty is a joy forever. 

2 All below grows black as night. 

3 The sun rises bright in France 
And fair sets he. 

4 Beauty is its own excuse for being. 

5 She looks a queen. 

6 Brightest in dungeons, Liberty, thou art ! 

7 Earth seemed a desert I was bound to traverse. 

8 How very big my nurse appeared! 

9 Still are thy pleasant voices, 'thy nightingales, 

awake. 

10 Fair gleams the snowy altar-cloth. 

11 Children of the camp are we. 
13 Dim it sat in the dim light. 

13 To us he seems the last. 

14 Youth shall grow great and strong and free. 

15 The poetry of earth is never dead. 

16 It lies deep-meadowed, happy, fair with orchard 

lawns. 

17 All actual heroes are essential men. 

18 Only the actions of the just 

Smell sweet and blossom in the dust. 

19 Dusty and dim are the eyes of the miller. 
Deaf are his ears with the moil of the mill. 

20 A spirit of noon-day is he; 

Yet seems a form of flesh and blood; 
Nor piping shepherd shall he be, 
Nor herd-boy of the wood. 



16 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

Exercise 9. Tell (1) which of the verhs in the fol- 
lowing sentences express action and which express state 
or condition; (2) which of the complements of the 
intransitive verhs are predicate nouns and which are 
predicate adjectives: — 

1 Dear God ! the very houses seem asleep. 

2 Green be the turf above thee ! 

3 Softly over Sherwood the south wind blows. 

4 Red blooms the heather over field and valley. 

5 Day dawns beyond the Atlantic Sea. 

6 Lifeless but beautiful he lay. 

7 My pride fell with my fortunes. 

8 The stately homes of England — 
How beautiful they stand! 

9 Our lives and every day and hour 
One symphony appear. 

10 Why stand ye here idle all the day long? 

11 The grass grew shoulder-high. 

12 The work smells of the lamp. 

13 The lamps now glitter down the street. 

14 His honor rooted in dishonor stood. 

15 Whatever is, is right. 

16 I remain your obedient servant. 

17 They listened and never stirred. 

18 Thou, too, sail on, Ship of State ! 

19 Austere he lived and smileless died. 

20 He lies low in the leveled sand. 

22. Some Verbs, such as speak, sing, learn, teach, 
may be used (1) Transitively, or (2) Intransitively. 
If the thing spoken, sung, learned, taught, etc., is 
named or expressed in the sentence the verb is Transi- 
tive; if it is not named or expressed the verb is 
Intransitive: as, 



THE VEEB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 17 

1 And Frciicli she spake full faire and fetisly. 

2 I spake as a child. 

1 Full well she sang the service divine. 

2 They sang of love and not of fame. 

Exercise 10. Tell whether each of the verbs in the 
following sentences is used transitively or intransi- 
tively: — 

1 One man in his time plays many parts. 

2 And gladly would he learn and gladly teach. 

3 He speaks well of no man living. 

4 Gratiano speaks an infinite deal of nothing. 

5 Strike for your altars and your fires ! 

6 Turn again, Whittington, thrice Lord Mayor of 
London ! 

7 The bird of dawning singeth all night long. 

8 Cophetua sware a royal oath. 

9 She sighed, and looked unutterable things. 

10 Turn over a new leaf. 

11 Eing out, wild bells, to the wild sky! 

12 They strike mine eyes, but not my heart. 

13 We but teach bloody instructions. 

11 Nothing in his life became him like the leaving it. 

15 She looks upon them with a threatening eye. 

16 At a critical moment in his career, the heir of the 
Stuarts turned traitor to his own cause. 

17 Live and learn. 

18 Milton became blind in his forty-fifth year. 

19 To read and write comes by nature. 

20 Sing a song of sixpence. 

23. Since the subject of a Transitive Verb denotes 
either (1) the Doer of the action or (2) the Recipient 
of it (19);, the verb. may have two forms. The form 
of the Transitive Verb used to show that the subject 
acts is called the Active Voice. The form used to 



18 EXEECISES IX GRAMMAR 

show that the subject receives the action is called the 
Passive Voice: as, 

1 Caesar conquered Gaul. 

2 Gaul was conquered by Caesar. 

Note 1 : The Passive Voice is formed by prefixing parts 
of the verb to he (38) to the past participle of a Transitive 
Verb (39). 

Xote 2 : Intransitive Verbs have no Voice, since they do 
not denote action received by any person or thing (20). 

Exercise 11. Tell the voice of each of the transitive 
verbs in the following sentences: — 

1 Certainly by no man was gratitude more persistently 
earned than by Dickens. 

2 Earth fills her lap with treasures of her own. 

3 Mortal hopes defeated and o'erthrown 
Are mourned by man. 

4 A golden medal was voted to me 
By a certain Eoyal Society. 

5 Go, pronounce his present death. 

And with his former title greet Macbeth. 

6 Naught's had, all's spent, 
^Yhen our desire is got without content. 

7 And in thy right hand bring with thee 
The mountain nymph, sweet Liberty. 

8 The Norman nobles were distinguished by their 
graceful bearing and insinuating address. 

9 Boughs are daily rifled 
By the gusty thieves. 

10 The true word of welcome was spoken in the door. 

11 They took the son and bound him. 

12 Nature hath framed strange fellows in her time. 

13 In Carlyle's style are reflected his own humor and 
large-hearted tenderness. 



THE VEEB AXD ITS CO:\rPLEMEXTS 19 

14 She was enchanted bv the wicked spells 
Of Gebir. 

15 Hope for a season bade the world farewell. 

16 And thus he bore without abuse 
The grand old name of gentleman. 

17 The reign of Antoninus is marked by the rare ad- 
vantage of furnishing very few materials for history. 

18 Over my head his arm he flung 

Against the world. ' 

19 And the thoughts of men are widen'd by the process 

of the suns. 

20 Earth with her thousand voices praises God. 

24. When a Transitive Verb is changed from the 
Active Voice to the Passive Voice the object of the 
verb in the Active Voice becomes the subject of the 
verb in the Passive Voice, and the subject of the verb 
in the Active Voice becomes dependent on a preposi- 
tion, usually the preposition hy : as, ' 

1 Milton wrote " Paradise Lost." 

2 ^' Paradise Lost " was written by Milton. 

Exercise 12. In the following sentences, change the 
verbs in the active voice to the passive voice and those 
in the passive voice to the active: — 

1 He performed the duties of friendship faithfully and 
manfully. 

2 The sheriff is elected by the people for a term of three 
3'ears. 

3 In the fifteenth century, England was torn in pieces 
by a furious civil war. 

4 His friends extolled him as the greatest of all the 
benefactors of the city. 

5 The fame of the great French writers of the seven- 
teenth century filled Europe. 



20 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

6 Nor were the arts of peace neglected by our fathers 
during that stirring period. 

7 For these reasons he was disliked by the Commons. 

8 The native metal of a man is tested by presence of 
mind in untried emergencies. 

9 The arrival of peace did not help the Continental 
Congress, but made matters worse. 

10 Our foreign relations are cared for abroad by two 
distinct classes of officials — ministers and consuls. 

11 Froude wrote history in the spirit of the literary 
artist. 

12 Arnold preaches fortitude and courage in the face 
of the mysterious and inevitable. 

13 By birth and by daily contact, George Eliot was 
identified with the local interests of the rich Midland 
district. 

14 Most of the misfortunes of man are occasioned by 
man. 

15 Fine manners need the support of fine manners in 
others. 

16 The Duke of Wellington brought to the post of first 
minister immortal fame. 

17 In this period the thought and imagination of Eng- 
land were wonderfully broadened and quickened by a new 
spirit. 

18 The Norman Conquest brought England into direct 
contact with a Continental and superior civilization. 

19 The new impulse given by Latin culture was fol- 
lowed by an advance in learning, art, and literature. 

20 During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a great 
many of the old churches and cathedrals were replaced by 
new and more splendid structures. 

25. Transitive Verbs in the Active Voice are fre- 
quently followed by an Indirect Object denoting the 
person or thing indirectly affected by the action. The 



THE VEEB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 21 

Indirect Object is sometimes retained after Transitive 
Verbs in the Passive Voice. The prepositions to or for 
are always understood after the Indirect Object: as, 

1 Give, give me back my heart! 

2 I will make thee beds of roses. 

3 0, that a year were granted me to live! 

Note 1 : If i^o or for stands before the noun or pronoun 
representing the person or thing indirectly affected, the 
noun or pronoun is the Object of the Preposition (110) 
and not the Indirect Object of the Verb. 

Note 2 : The Indirect Object is sometimes made the sub- 
ject of the verb in the Passive Voice while the Direct 
Object remains as a retained object : as, " Gladstone was 
offered a peerage." 

Exercise 13. F'uid the mdirect objects in the follow- 
ing sentences and tell in each case whether to or for is 
understood: — 

1 Lend me thy fillet, Love. 

2 I built my soul a lordly pleasure house. 

3 One lesson I can leave you. 

For every day. 

4 I thrice presented him a kingly crown, 

5 Bring me my dead into the storied hall. 

6 Give me excess of it. 

7 I shall never in the years remaining 
Paint you pictures. 

8 Present him eminence both with eye and tongue. 

9 Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more. 

10 They, with their gold to give, doled him out silver. 

11 I have done the state some service. 

12 Give thy thoughts no tongue. 

13 I am not obliged to find you an understanding. 

14 Grant me some knight to do the battle for me. . 



22 EXEECISES IX GRAMMAE 

15 I will make you brooches and toys for your delight. 

16 In the wilds 
Of fiery climes he made himself a home. 

17 Show thy servant the light of thy countenance. 

18 Three times the crown was offered him. 

19 I did thee wrong. 

20 The lesson was taught me by the most competent of 
all teachers — experience. 

26. Some Transitive Verbs of making, choosing, etc., 
when used in the Active Voice, take, besides the direct 
object, (1) a Noun Complement, or (2) an Adjective 
Complement. This i^oun or Adjective Complement, 
which may be called the Attributive Complement, 
helps to complete the meaning of the verb, and gives 
an attribute or a condition of the object resulting from 
the action of the verb : as, 

1 They named him John. 

2 You cannot pmnp the ocean dry. 

Note 1 : Attributive Noun Complements are by some 
authorities called Objective Complements, and by others 
Factitive Objects. 

Note 2 : Sentences containing Attributive Complements 
do not state the complete thought until the Attributive 
Complement is given: as, " I find thee wortliy." 

Note 3 : Except in poetry, the Direct Object stands 
'between the Verb and the Attributive Complement. 

Note 4: Infinitive Phrases (46) and Noun Clauses may 
be used as Attributive Complements (64). 

Exercise 14. Find tlie attributive complement in each 
of the following sentences and tell whether it is noun or 
adjective: — 

1 Exceeding peace had made Bon-Adheni bold. 



THE VERB AXD ITS COMPLEMENTS 23 

2 For the good mother holds me still a child. 

3 One touch of nature makes the whole world kin. 

4 Naught he found too lofty. 

5 Make me thy lyre^ even as the forest is. 

6 And the dreadful foam of the wild water 

Had splashed the body red. 

7 And now again the people 

Call it but a weed. 

8 A servant with this clause > 
Makes drudgery divine. 

9 We'll create young Arthur Duke of Bretagne and 
Earl of Richmond. 

10 Histories make men wise. 

11 If 3^ou call me fairy, 
You'll find me quite contrary. 

12 And godlike spirits hail him guest. 

13 Washington appointed Arnold commander of the 
strongest fortress on the Hudson. 

14 ■ She left lonely forever 

The Kings of the sea. 

15 For these things the King must hold himself chiefly 
responsible. 

16 It found them a sect; it made them a faction. 

17 When Love speaks, the voice of all the gods 
j\Iakes heaven drowsy with the harmony. 

18 They therefore made their church, like their king 
and their nobility, independent. 

19 She named the child Ichabod. 

20 In iron walls they deem me not secure. 

27. Transitive Verbs of naming, maMng, etc., on 
becoming Passive change the Attributive N'oun comple- 
ment of the Active Voice to the Predicate Noun of the 
Passive, and the Attributive Adjective complement of 
the Active Voice to the Predicate Adjective of the 
Passive (21) : as, 



24 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

1 Washington was unanimously elected president. 

2 Milton was made blind through devotion to his duty. 

Exercise 15. In the following sentences, find the 
predicate nomi and predicate adjective complements of 
the verbs in the passive voice: — 

1 Thou hast been called, Sleep, the friend of woe. 

2 Now is the winter of our discontent 
Made glorious summer by this sun of York. 

3 He is made one with Nature. 

4 George IV was crowned King amid mingled feelings 
of loyalty and disapproval. 

5 In the latter half of the seventeenth century France 
was considered the wealthiest power in Europe. 

6 And you're dubbed Knight and an R. A. 

7 The tree of deepest root is found 
Least willing still to quit the ground. 

8 The book is properly termed an anthology. 

9 For military purposes the curia was called a century. 

10 Death was counted a slight thing by the Stoic 
philosophers. 

11 Coleridge was called by Lamb " the inspired charity- 
boy." 

12 By the death of his mother, Cowper was made home- 
less as well as motherless. 

13 Of these kindred constitutions the English was from 
an early period justly reputed the best. 

14 Hence Burke has been called the greatest thinker, 
with the exception of Bacon, who has ever devoted him- 
self to the practice of English politics. 

15 A man of wealth is dubb'd a man of worth. 

16 Disraeli was created Earl of Beaconsfield in 1876. 

17 Children are rendered happy by trifles. 

18 The daughter of Cicero was named Tullia. 

19 Scott was called the Wizard of the North. 

^0 The fairest maiden was chosen queen of the revels. 



THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 25 

28. Summary of Types of Completing Terms : 

(1) Direct Objects after Transitive Verbs in the 
Active Voice (19). 

(2) Indirect Objects after Transitive Verbs, both 
Active arid Passive (25). 



(3) Predicate Nouns 

(4) Predicate Adjectives 



(1) after Intransitive 
Verbs of State or 
Condition (21). 

(2) after Transitive 
Verbs in the Pas- 
sive Voice (27). 



(5) Attributive Noun Complements 

(6) Attributive Adjective Complements i 



after Transi- 
tive Verbs 
in the Ac- 
tive Voice 
(26). 



Note 1: Complements of types (1), (3), and (5) may 
be Words, Phrases, or Clauses (46) (64) ; (4) may be 
Words or Phrases (47) (110); (2) and (6) can be 
Words only. 

Note 2 : The term Predicate Nominative, sometimes used 
instead of Predicate Noun, is invariably used when the 
completing term of type (3) is a Pronoun. 

Exercise 16. Find the completing term in each of 
the following sentences and tell its hind: — 



1 The King of Terrors loves a shining mark. 

2 They make a desert and call it peace. 

3 But grant me still a friend in my retreat. 



26 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

4 One of Cromwell's soldiers was called Praise-God 
Barebones. 

5 Rude am I in my speech. 

6 Faith unfaithful kept him falsely true. 

7 To my extreme mortification I grow wiser every day. 

8 A pious priest might the Abbot seem. 

9 Teach him the art of doing any one thing, and in so 
doing you create a capability. 

10 Nelson's brotlier was made an earl. 

11 . Myriad scattered stars 
Break up the night and make it beautiful. 

12 Italy ! you hold in trust 
Very precious English dust. 

13 They make my house their path. 

14 Fairest land while land of slaves 
Yields their free souls no fit graves. 

15 I w^ould fain die a dry death. 

16 Thackeray's masterpiece was named ^^ Vanity Fair " 
because of the worldliness of most of the characters. 

17 Full many a gem of purest ray serene 

The dark, unfathomed caves of ocean bear. 

18 My business in this state 

Made me a looker-on in Vienna. 

19 But the manner of the brewing- 
Was none alive to tell. 

20 The British authorities were taught a lesson by 
Napoleon's escape from Elba. 

21 Prostrate the beauteous ruin lies. 

22 Send us the hearts of our fathers of old. 

23 Thy brave heart found life's turmoil sweet. 

24 The drama's laws the drama's patrons give. 

25 Joan of Arc was accounted a sorceress by the 
English. 

26 Eighty winters leave the dog too lame to follow with 
the cry. 

27 Give fools their silks, and knaves their wine. 

28 Tennyson was made poet-laureate in 1850. 



THE VEEB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 27 

29 Make me ape or make me human. 

30 So dear a life your arms enfold. 



Verbs with Reference to Use. 

29. Classified with reference to Use, verbs are (1) 
Principal or (2) Auxiliary. A verb is called Prin- 
cipal when it retains its full meaning. A verb is 
called Auxiliary when it helj^s to form the parts of 
another verb and, in so doing, loses its full meaning: 
as, 

1 But I have sinuous shells of pearly hue. 

2 The Fates have laid aside their shears. 

Note 1: The Auxiliary Verbs are: he, have, do, shall 
(should), will (would), may (might). The verbs he, have, 
and do, when used as Principal Verbs, are conjugated 
throughout (38). The other verbs are always Defect- 
ive (17). 

Note 2: Can (could), must, and ought are regarded as 
Principal Verbs since they always retain their full mean- 
ing. They are followed by an Infinitive as complement. 

Note 3: May (might), should, and would are sometimes 
used as Auxiliaries to form Subjunctive verb-phrases (38) 
and are sometimes used as Principal Verbs (42). 

30. The verb to he as a Principal Verb has a two- 
fold use : ( 1 ) it is used as a verb of Complete Predica- 
tion, meaning to exist, to remain, etc.; (2) it is used 
as a verb of Incomplete Predication requiring a Predi- 
cate Noun or a Predicate Adjective to complete its 
meaning (21) : as, 

1 ^^^lere your treasure is, there will your heart he also. 

2 To thine own self he true. 



28 EXEECISES IX GRAMMAR 

31. The verb to he as an Auxiliary verb has also 
a twofold use: (1) it forms the Passive Voice when 
combined with the Past Participle of any Transitive 
Verb; (2) it forms the Progressive Form when com- 
bined with the Present Participle of any verb (39) : as, 

1 Thy voice is heard through rolling drums. 

2 What was he doing, the great god Pan? 

Exercise 17. Tell which of its four uses the verb 
to be has in each of the following sentences: — 

1 'Tis true, he was monarch and wore a crown, 
But his heart was beginning to sink. 

2 Whatever is, is right. 

3 If she be not fair for me. 
What care I how fair she be? 

4 Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever. 

5 There was a jolly miller 
Lived by the river Dee. 

6 Where were ye, nymphs, when the remorseless deep 
Closed o'er the head of your loved Lycidas ? 

7 Delight is in the hawk's high-glancing wings. 

8 I am the captain of my soul. 

9 But one is lying prone, alone. 

10 Our stormy sun is sinking, 
Our sands are running low. 

11 As a man thinketh, so is he. 

12 There they are, my fifty men and women. 

13 Wales was only known to England by incursion and 
invasion. 

14 Below lies one whose name was traced in sand. 

15 There are no birds in last year's nest. 

16 Children dear, were we long alone? 

17 In the stormy east-wind straining 
The pale yellow woods were waning. 



THE VERB AXD ITS COMPLEMENTS 29 

18 then a longing like despair 

Is to their farthest caverns sent! 

19 Is there any peace 
In ever climbing up the climbing wave? 

20 And they are swept by the balms of spring. 

32. Changes in the forms of Verbs to express ideas 
of Time, Mood, Person, and Number are made by 
means of Auxiliaries (29) or by Inflection (14). 

Person and Number in Verbs. 

33. In modern English, with the exception of the 
verb to he, the only change in verbs to show agreement 
with the subject in Number and Person (79) is the 
inflection -s in the third person singular of the Present 
Indicative. Certain cases of agreement, however, re- 
quire careful notice. 

Note: The irregular conjugation of the verb to he (38) 
and the inflection of the verb to have in the third person 
singular of the Present Indicative cause the agreement of 
verb-forms employing &e or liave as Auxiliaries : as, " Age, 
thou art shamed! " \ " He has outsoared the shadow of our 
night." 

34. Special Cases of Agreement are as follows: — 

(1) Biblical and poetical forms have the inflections 
-St in the second person singular of the Present and 
Past Indicative and -th in the third person singular 
of the Present. 

(2) All Noun subjects, whether w^ords, phrases (75), 
or clauses (76), and all Interrogative Pronouns take 
verbs in the third person. Personal and Relative Pro- 



30 EXEECISES IX GEAMMAR 

nouns may take verbs of the first, second, or third 
person (79) (85). 

(3) Collective Xouns (66) take Singular verbs when 
the body of individuals is regarded as a unit; Plural 
verbs, when the individuals are thought of separately. 

(4) Two nouns connected by and may denote one 
person or thing and therefore take a Singular verb, 
or two separate persons or things, and so require a 
Plural verb. 

(5) Singular subjects connected by or or nor require 
a verb in the Singular. When one subject is singular 
and the other plural, the verb agrees with the nearer 
subject. 

(6) Xouns in the singular connected by and and 
modified by the adjectives each, every, and no require 
a verb in the Singular. 

Exercise 18. Explain the person and the number of 
each of the verbs in the folloiving sentences: — 

1 Bitter constraint and sad occasion dear 
Compels me to disturb your season due. 

2 I do not find that the age or the country makes the 
least difference. ^ . 

3 There's neither honesty, manhood, nor good fellow- 
ship in thee. 

4 All the earth and air 
With thy voice is loud. 

5 In books lies the soul of the whole Past Time — the 
articulate, audible voice of the Past — when the body and 
material substance of it has altogether vanished like a 
dream. 

6 The tumult and the shouting dies. 



THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 31 

7 He sees that this great roundabout 
The world, with all its motley rout, 

Church, army, physic, law, 

Its customs and its businesses. 

Is no concern at all of his. 

8 There was neither hammer nor axe nor any tool of 
iron heard in the house while it was in building. 

9 Billing and cooing is all your cheer. 

10 There is a proper dignity and proportion to be 
observed in the performance of every act of life. 

11 Neither death, nor exile, nor pain, nor anything of 
this kind is the real cause of our doing or not doing any 
action. 

12 One day with life and heart 

Is more than time enough to find a world. 

13 A little rule, a little sway, 

A sunbeam in a winter's day. 

Is all the proud and mighty have 

Between the cradle and the grave'. 

14 Each day and each hour brings its appointed task. 

15 But by the yellow Tiber 
Was tumult and affright. 

16 But there is neither East nor West, border, nor breed, 

nor birth. 
When two strong men stand face to face. 

17 Enjoy your dear wit and gay rhetoric 

That hath so well been taught her dazzling fence. 

18 The Mohammedan population show no signs of 
disaffection. 

19 I am a king that find thee. 

20 Sometimes a curly shepherd lad. 

Or long-hair'd page in crimson clad. 
Goes by to tower'd Camelot. 

35. Mood is the modification of the Verb which 
show^s the manner in which the state or action denoted 
by the verb is expressed. The Indicative Mood ex- 



32 EXEECISES IN GEAMMAE 

presses a statement as a fact or asks a question. The 
Imperative Mood exi:>resses a command, a request, or an 
entreaty. The Subjunctive Mood expresses state or 
action not as a fact but as something merely thought 
of: as, 

1 How far that little candle throws his beams! 

2 Honor thy father and thy mother. 

3 If it were so, it was a grievous fault. 

Note 1 : The Subjunctive is frequently used to express 
a wish : as, " 0, that we two were mayingi " 

Note 2 : Conditional sentences take the Indicative when 
the condition stated by the t/-clause is regarded as true; 
the Subjunctive when it is regarded as uncertain or 
contrary-to-fact ( 41 ) . 

Note 3 : The Subjunctive with may and might expresses 
purpose : as, ^' Be silent that you may hear" 

Note 4 : The Subjunctive sometimes expresses ideas of 
concession and of limit of time : as, '' Be it ever so humble, 
there's no place like home "; " Ere half he done, perchance 
your life may fail." 

Note 5 : Noun Clauses used to express possibility fre- 
quently take the Subjunctive : as, ^' It seems to me most 
strange that men should fear." 

Exercise 19. Tell the mood of each of the verbs in 
the following sentences: — 

1 When at Eome, do as the Eomans do. 

2 Sit thou still when kings are arming. 

3 God save King Henry, unkinged Eichard says, 
And soon lie Eichard in a quiet grave. 

4 Life piled on life 
Were all too little, and of one to me 
Little remains. 



THE VEEB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 33 

5 thou sweet lark, that I had wings like thee ! 

6 Her eyes the glow-worm lend thee; 
The shooting-stars attend thee; 

And the elves also, 
Whose little eyes glow 
Like the sparks of fire, befriend thee. 

7 Go, lose or conquer as you can; 
But if you fail, or if you rise. 
Be each, pray God, a gentleman. 

8 Were man 
But constant, he were perfect. 

9 Green be the turf above thee. 
Friend of my better days! 

10 Be he alive or be he dead, 

I'll grind his bones to make my bread. 

11 Mine be a cot beside the hill. 

12 that he were here to write me down an ass ! 

13 wert thou in the cauld blast 

On yonder lea, 
My plaidie to the angry airt, 
I'd shelter thee ! 

14 I were but little happy, if I could say how much. 

15 Catch me who can, yet sometimes I have wished 
That I were caught and kill'd at once 

Out of this flutter. 

16 Put money in thy purse. 

17 In quiet she reposes. 
Ah, would that I did too ! 

18 Show his eyes, and grieve his heart ! 
Come like shadows, so depart ! 

19 How sweet it were, hearing the downward stream, 
With half-shut eyes ever to seem 

Falling asleep in a half-dream ! 

20 Tell me how many thoughts there be 

In the atmosphere 
Of a new-fall'n year ! 



34 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

36. Tense is a modification of the Verb to express 
(1) the time of the action or state, and (2) the degree 
of its completeness. The Indicative Mood has six 
tenses : the Present, the Past, the Future, the Present 
Perfect, the Pluperfect (Past Perfect), and the 
Future Perfect. The six tenses of the Subjunctive 
have the same names as those of the Indicative, but 
differ somew^hat in form and in use (41). The Im- 
perative Mood has only the Present Tense. 

37. Conjugation is the regular Arrangement of the 
forms of a verb according to Person, Number, Voice, 
Mood, and Tense. 

38. Conjugation of the Verb To Be. 

INDICATIVE MOOD 

PRESENT TENSE 

Singular Plural 



1 I am 


1 We are 


2 Thou art 


2 You are 


3 He is 


3 They are 


PAST ' 


TENSE 


Singular 


Plural 


1 I was 


1 We were 


2 Thou wast 


2 You were 


3 He was 


3 They were 


FUTURE 


1 TENSE 


Singular 


Plural 


1 I shall be 


1 We shall be 


2 Thou wilt be 


2 You will be 


3 He will be 


3 They will be 



THE VEEB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 35 

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE x 

Singular Plural 

1 I have been 1 We have been 

2 Thou hast been 2 You have been 

3 He has been 3 They have been 

PLUPERFECT (PAST PERFECT) TENSE 

Singular Plural 

1 I had been 1 We had been 

2 Thou hadst been 2 You had been 

3 He had been 3 They had been 

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 

Singular Plural 

1 I shall have been 1 We shall have been 

2 Thou wilt have been 2 You 'will have been 

3 He will have been 3 They will have been 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 

PRESENT TENSE 

Singular Plural 

1 I be 1 We be 

2 Thou be ■ 2 You be 

3 He be 3 They be 

PAST TENSE 

Singular Plural 

1 I were 1 We were 

2 Thou wert 2 You were 

3 He were 3 They were 



36 EXERCISES IX GRAMMAR 

FUTURE TENSE 

Singular Plural 

1 I j should ) be 1 We j should ) be 

( would ) ( would ( 

2 Thou J shouldst ) be 2 You j should ) b( 

( wouldst ) i would f 

3 He J should ) be 3 They j should [ 1: 

( would j ( would ) 



PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 

Singular Plural 

1 I havB been 1 We have been 

2 Thou have been 2 You have been 

3 He have been 3 They have been 

PLUPERFECT (PAST PERFECT) TENSE 

[The same in form as in the Indicative Mood] 

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 

Singular Plural 

1 I (should) have been 1 We j should) have been 

I would ) i would i 

2 Thou J shouldst I have been 2 You ^should) have been 

I wouldst f I would ) 

3 He J should I have been 3 They (should ) have been 

/would ) I would i 

IMPERATIVE MOOD 

Singular Plural 

2 Be (thou) 2 Be (you or ye) 

INFINITIVES 
PRESENT — to be PERFECT — to have been 



THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 37 

PARTICIPLES 

PRESENT — being past — been perfect — having been 

GERUNDS 
PRESENT — being perfect — having been 

Note 1 : To express determination, a promise, a threat, 
etc., will is used in the First Person and shall in the Sec- 
ond and Third. 

Note 2 : To express purpose, Subjunctive verb-phrases 
with may and might are used in the Present and Past. 
Forms with may have and might have are sometimes used 
in the Perfect and the Pluperfect Subjunctive. 

Note 3 : It is necessary to distinguish between the use 
of the Present Perfect and that of the Past Indicative. The 
Present Perfect tense represents an action as completed 
in a time which is regarded as part of the Present. The 
Past tense represents an action as taking place in a 
period of time regarded as wholly Past: as, 

*' In the days of my youth, I remembered my God, 
And He hath not forgotten my age." 

Exercise 20. In the following sentences^ explain in 
each case the use of the present perfect and of the past 
tense : — 

1 We have been friends together. 
Shall a light word part us now? 

2 Home was home then, my dear, full of kindly faces. 

3 Last night I stood beneath the foreign stars. 

4 For theje has been no water 
Ever since the first of May. 

5 In this posture, Sir, things stood at the beginning 
of the session. 

6 Our Earth has not grown aged 
With all her countless years. 

7 Once before he won it of me with false dice. 



38 EXERCISES IX GRAMMAR 

8 We have fought such a fight for a day and a night 
As may never be fought again, 

We have won great glory, my men ! 

9 In Tartary I freed tlie Cliam, 

Last June, from his huge swarms of gnats. 

10 I never knew a better man, nor one to me more 
lovable; we shall all feel his loss more greatly as time 
goes on. 

11 This is the system upon which I have governed my- 
self many years, and so I will go on till I have done. 

12 I've lived since then, in calm and strife, 
Full many a summer a sailor's life. 

13 When in the world I lived, I was the world's 
commander. 

14 My tea is nearly ready, and the sun has left the sky. 

15 'Tis not an hour since I left him. 

16 Kama! is out with twenty men to raise the border 

side, 
And he has lifted the Coloners mare that is the 
Colonel's pride. 

17 What has happened since I wrote a year ago? 

18 Three generations of readers have succeeded those 
who first read and praised '' Vanity Fair." 

19 With a five and twenty years' experience since those 
happy days of which I write, I think I have never seen a 
society more simple, charitable, courteous, and gentleman- 
like than that of the dear little Saxon city where the good 
Schiller and the great Goethe lived and lie buried. 

20 " I have been an unconscionable time in dying," 
said Charles II on his death-bed. 

21 Late, my grandson! half the morning have I paced 

the sandy tracts. 
Watched again the hollow ridges roaring into 
cataracts. 

22 I, that loathed, have come to love him. 

23 Ye say they all have passed away, 
[That noble race and brave. 



THE VERB A^B ITS COMPLEMENTS 39 

24 But time at length has made us all of one opinion, 
and we have all opened our e3'es on the true nature of the 
American war. 

25 I know the way she went 

Home with lier maiden pos}^, 
For her feet have touch'd the meadows, 
And left the daisies' rosy. 
2C) All day thy wings have fann'd, 

At that far height, the cold, thin atmosphere. 

27 All day within the dreamy house, 
The doors upon their hinges creak'd. 

28 T am my master's faithful old gold pen, 

I've served him three long years and drawn since 

then 
Thousands of funny women and droll men. 

29 The wretched parents all that night 
Went shouting far and wide. 

30 They have left unstained what there they found — 
Freedom to worship God ! 

39. Conjugation of the verb to call in the Active 
Voice, the Passive Voice, and the Progressive Form 
(31), given, wherever possible, in the third person, for 
the sake of brevity : 

INDICATIVE MOOD 

ACTIVE PASSIVE PROGRESSIVE 

PRESENT 

He calls He is called He is calling 

PAST 

He called He was called He was calling 

FUTURE 

He will call He will be called He will be calling 



40 



EXEECISES IN GRAMMAR 



PRESENT PERFECT 

He has called He has been called He has been calling 

PLUPERFECT (PAST PERFECT) 

He had called He had been called He had been calling 

FUTURE PERFECT 

He will have He will have been He will have been 



called 

ACTIVE 

He call 
He called 



called calling 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 

PROGRESSIVE 

He be calling 



PASSIVE 

He be called 



PAST 

He were called 



He 



j should ) 
I would ) 



call He 



FUTURE 

should 
would 



He were calling 
be called He | ^^^\^^ | be calling 



He have 
called 



He had 
called 



PRESENT PERFECT 

He have been He have been 

called calling 

PLUPERFECT (PAST PERFECT) 

He had been He had been 

called calling 

FUTURE PERFECT 



TT j should [ have tt j should ) have been tt j should ) have been 
"^ i would f called ^^ } would \ called "^ ( would f calling 

IMPERATIVE MOOD 

ACTIVE PASSIVE PROGRESSIVE 

Call , Be called Be calling 



THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 41 





INFINITIVES 






PRESENT 




To call 


To be called 

PERFECT 


To be calling 


To have 


To have been 


To have been 


called 


called 
PAETICIPLES 

PRESENT 


calling , 


Calling 


Being called 





PAST 



Called 



PERFECT 

Having called Having been called Having been calling 



Calling 



GERUNDS 

PRESENT 

Being called 



PERFECT 

Having called Having been called Having been calling 

40. The following points with regard to the Con- 
jugation of Verbs require special notice : — 

Note 1 : The Conjugation of a verb in any one Person 
throughout its moods and tenses is sometimes called a 
Sj'nopsis. 

Note 2 : The Progressive Passive formed of the verb 
to be and the Present Passive Participle is found in the 



42 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

Present and the Past Indicative : as, '^ The portrait is being 
painted''; "The portrait ivas being painted/' 

Note 3: The Emphatic Form using do (did) as an 
Auxiliary is found in the Present and Past Indicative, and 
in the Imperative : ^' 1 do write " ; "I did write " ; " Do 
write." 

Note 4 : The Interrogative Form for the Present and 
Past Indicative Active uses do (did) as an Auxiliary; 
in all other tenses it is obtained by placing the subject 
after the first Auxiliary: ''Does he write?"; ''Did he 
write?''; " Will he write?'' 

Note 5 : The Negative Form prefixes the Auxiliary do 
(did) to the word not in the Present and Past Indicative 
(Active) and in all other tenses simply inserts the word 
not: "I do not loalk"; "I did not ivalh"; "I will not 
walk." 

Note 6 : Verbs used only in the Third Person Singu- 
lar with the neuter pronoun as subject are called Im- 
personal Verbs. They usually refer to natural phe- 
nomena : '' It rains " ; " It will snow." 

Exercise 21. In the following exercise, name the 
verbs in the progressive^ the interrogative, or the em- 
phatic form: — 

1 Poets are singing the whole world over. 

2 I do not love thee, Dr. Fell. 

3 I am dying, Egypt, dying! 

4 What do tears avail? 

5 Do you question the young children in their sorrow, 
\^Tiy the tears are falling so? 

6 I'll walk where my own nature would be leading. 

7 Where are you going, my pretty maid? 

8 Ah, did you once see Shelley plain, 
And did he stop and speak to you? 

9 Thou didst delight my ear. 
10 song, do not forget. 



THE VEEB AXD ITS COMPLEMENTS 43 

11 Hush, all hush, the scythes are saying. 

12 To-day she may be speeding on bright wings 

Beyond the stars. 

13 Glad did I live and gladly die. 

14 And now it's marching onward through the realms 

of old romance. 

15 And they're all of them returning to the heavens 

they have knov/n. 

16 I do not know the methods of drawing up an in- 
dictment against a whole people. 

17 My valor is certainly going! it is sneaking off! I 
feel it oozing out, as it were, at the palms of my hands ! 

18 Pray do not take the pains 

To set me right. 

19 Did ye not hear it? 

20 Dost thou love life? Then do not squander time. 

21 Dear girl ! the grasses on her grave 
Have forty years been growing. 

22 When did morning ever break 
And find such beaming eyes aw^ake? 

23 Jock, when ye hae naething else to do, ye may be 
aye sticking in a tree; it will be growing, Jock, when 
ye're sleeping. 

24 We do pray for mercy; 
And that same prayer doth teach us all to render 
The deeds of mercy. 

25 • Didst thou never hear 
That things ill got had ever bad success? 

26 The groves are repeating it still. 

27 Then doth thy sweet and quiet eye 
Look through its fringes to the sky. 

28 And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that 

is dreaming. 

29 And all with pearl and ruby glowing 
Was the fair palace door. 

30 Do not be decoyed elsewhere. 



44 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

41. A sentence containing a Supposition introduced 
by if, unless, etc., is called a Conditional Sentence. 
Conditional Sentences are always Complex (9), the 
z7-clause being the subordinate clause. 

Note 1 : If the supposition is regarded as true in Pres- 
ent, Past, or Future time, the Indicative is used : as, " If 
it rains, we shall not go"', "If you said that, (and aS a 
matter of fact you did) you were mistaken." 

Note 2 : A supposition with regard to a Future act 
which is regarded as uncertain or unlikely takes the Fu- 
ture Subjunctive : as, " If I should see you later, I would 
explain the matter." In poetry, the Present Subjunctive 
sometimes expresses doubt. 

Note 3 : A supposition regarded as contrary-to-fact in 
Present time takes the Past Subjunctive; in Past time, 
the Pluperfect Subjunctive : as, " If I had the time, 
(but I have not) I would stay with you"; "If I had 
known the facts yesterday, I should have stated the case." 

Note 4: // may be omitted, and, in that case, the sub- 
ject is placed after the verb in the Present and Past Sub- 
junctive and in the other tenses after the first Auxiliary. 

Exercise 22. In the following conditional sentences, 
account for the mood and the tense of each of the verbs 
in the subordinate clauses: — 

1 If all the year were playing holidays. 

To sport would be as tedious as to work. 

2 If I should overcome the Romans in another fight, 
I were undone. 

3 Farewell ! if ever fondest prayer 
For other's weal avail'd on high, 
Mine will not all be lost in air. 
But waft thy name beyond the sky. 

4 If I speak to thee in friendship's name, 
Thou think'st I speak too coldly. 



THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 45 

5 If I were Brutus now and he were Cassius, 
He should not humor me. 

6 If a man look sharply and attentively, he shall see 
Fortune. 

7 If God hath made this world so fair 
Where sin and death abound, 

How beautiful beyond compare 

Will paradise be found! , 

8 Were a star quenched on high, 
For ages would its light, 

Still traveling downward from the sky, 
Shine on our mortal sight ! 

9 If she be not so to me. 
What care I how fair she be ? 

10 How would you be 
If He, which is the top of judgment, should 
But judge you as you are ? 

11 What were we 
If Brutus had not lived? 

12 If it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere well 
It were done quickly. 

13 If thou hadst been here, my brother had not died. 

14 Had I but served my God with half the zeal 
I served my king, He would not in mine age 
Have left me naked to mine enemies. 

15 If to do were as easy as to know what were good to 
do, chapels had been churches, and poor men's cottages, 
princes' palaces. 

16 If you can look into the seeds of time 

And say which grain will grow and which will not. 
Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear 
Your favors nor your hate. 

17 Had the day gone with us. 
We should not, when the blood was cool, have 

threatened 
Our prisoners with the sword. 

18 If music be the food of love, play on. 



46 EXEECISES IN GRAMMAR 

19 Could I forget what I have been, 

I might the better bear what I am destined to. 

20 Who but must laugh, if such a man there be? 
Who would not weep, if Atticus were he? 

42. The verbs may (might), would, and should, fre- 
quently used to form Subjunctive verb-phrases, (38) 
are sometimes used in the Indicative. 

Note 1: May (Present Indicative), might (Past) are 
used as Principal Verbs to denote permission or possibility. 
They are followed by the Infinitive without to : as, " You 
muy retire"; "He said that it might rain/' 

Note 2 : Should as a Principal Verb in the Indicative 
followed by the Infinitive without to denotes duty : as, 
" You should control your temper.^' Should is also used 
in indirect discourse as a future Auxiliary representing an 
original shall: as, " The boy answered that he should with- 
out doubt he present." 

Note 3 : Would as a Principal Verb in the Indicative 
followed by the Infinitive without to denotes strong wish, 
customary action, or strong determination : as, " After 
breakfast, the old man ivould sit in the sun " ; " He ivould 
not go without his father's word." Would is also used in 
indirect discourse as a future Auxiliary representing an 
original will: as, " The general said that he would never 
swrende7\'' 

Exercise 23. Explain the mood and, whenever pos- 
sible, the tense of each of the verbs in the following sen- 
tences : — 

1 Let our girls flit 
Till the storm die! but had you stood by us. 
The roar that breaks the Pharos from his base 
Had left us rock. 

2 They surely would have torn the child 
Piecemeal among them, had they known. 



THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 47 

3 Oh, my friend, 
That thy faith were as mine ! 

4 You have done that you should be sorry for. 

5 Then he would sigh 

With mournful joy to think that others felt 
What he must never feel. 

6 Had I been there with sword in hand 
And fifty Camerons by, ^ 
That day through high Dunedin's street 
Had pealed the slogan cry. 

7 I could have smiled to see 

The death that would have set me free. 

8 For, to speak him true, 
You know right well, how meek soe'er he seem. 
No keener hunter after glory breathes. 

9 This I must do, or know not what to do ; yet this 
I will not do, do how I can. 

10 If solitude make scant the means qf life, 
Society for me. 

11 If I have too austerely punished you, 
Your compensation makes amends. 

12 that ye had some brother, pretty one. 

To guard thee on the rough ways of the world. 

13 The old order changeth,. giving place to new, 
And God fulfills himself in many ways, 

Lest one good custom should corrupt the world. 

14 By my Christendom, 

So I were out of prison and kept sheep 
I should be happy as the day is long. 

15 But that one man should die ignorant who has ca- 
pacity for knowledge, this I call tragedy. 

16 that the desert were my dwelling-place, 
With one fair spirit for my minister. 
That I might all forget the human race. 

17 But life is sweet, though all that makes it sweet, 
Lessen like sound of friends' departing feet. 



48 EXEECISES IN GRAMMAR 

18 What though the mast be now blown overboard. 
The cable broke, the holding anchor lost, 

And half our sailors swallowed in the flood? 
Yet lives our pilot still. 

19 He that fights and runs away 
May live to fight another day. 

20 I die that France may live. 

21 I would that my tongue could utter 
The thoughts that arise in me ! 

22 He and my father in old time still 
Wished I should one day marry her. 

23 May thy brimmed waves for this 
Their full tribute never miss. 

24 Mortals, that would follow me, 
Love Virtue; she alone is free. 

25 And he charged them that they should tell no man. 

26 Young Tommy Rook began to scorn her power. 
And said that he would fly into the field close by. 

27 'Tis a lesson you should heed: 

Tij again. 

28 Once or twice though you should fail : 

Try again. 

29 That's the wise thrush ; he sings each song twice over, 
Lest you should think he never could recapture 

The first fine careless rapture. 

30 Though thou shouldst bray a fool in a mortar among 
wheat with a pestle, yet will not his foolishness depart 
from him. 



43. The Parsing of the Verb should include the 
follov^ing points: (1) Class: whether transitive or in- 
transitive, regular or irregular; (2) Principal Parts; 
(3) Voice; (4) Mood; (5) Tense; (6) Construction 
ar Syntax: the agreement with the subject in Person 
and Number. 



THE VEEB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 49 

Example: — They see the green trees wave 

On the heights o'erlooking Greve. 
Hearts that hied are stanched with bahn. 

See is an irregular, transitive verb. Principal parts : 
see, saw, seeing, seen. Active voice, indicative mood, 
present tense. It agrees with the subject, they, in third 
person and plural number. 

Bled is an irregular, intransitive verb. Principal parts : 
Heed, hied, hleeding, hied. No voice, indicative mood, 
past tense. It agrees with the subject, that, in third per- 
son, plural number. 

Are stanched is a regular, transitive verb. Principal 
parts: stanch, stanched, stanching, stanched. Passive 
voice, indicative mood, present tense. It agrees with the 
subject, hearts, in third person, plural number. 

Exercise 24. Parse according to the models given 
above the verbs in Exercises 16, 17, 19. 



CHAPTER III 

THE VEKB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 

(continued) 

Verbals. 

44. The three forms of the Verb that are commonly 
known as Verbals are: (1) the Infinitive; (2) the 
Participle; (3) the Gerund (38) (39). Verbals ex- 
press state or action, but do not limit it to any definite 
time and do not take a subject. 

Note 1 : Verbals take the type of complement required 
by the verb from which they are derived. Verbals of 
Transitive verbs in the Active Voice take Direct Objects. 
Intransitive and Passive Verbals may take Predicate Nouns 
or Adjectives. Verbals of Intransitive verbs of complete 
predication do not take complements. 

Note 2 : The modifiers of Verbals are adverbial, with 
one exception : the Gerund may be modified by a Possessive 
Noun or Pronoun (55). 

Note 3 : Verbals with their complements and modifiers 
form phrases known as Infinitive, Participial, or Gerund 
Phrases (51), (54), (58). 

45. The Infinitive may be used as (1) a Noun, 
(2) an Adjective, or (3) an Adverb. 

46. The Noun Uses of the Infinitive are as fol- 
lows : — 

1 Subject of a Verb : To love her is a liberal education. 

2 Direct Object of a Verb: My whole life long, I 
learned to love, 

50 



THE VERB A^^D ITS COMPLEMENTS 51 

3 Predicate Noun: Thy Godlike crime was to he kind. 

4 Appositive (72) : It is not death to die. 

5 Object of Preposition: None knew thee but to love 
thee. 

6 Attributive Complement after certain verbs (26) : 
I like a rascal to he punished. 

Note: The construction illustrated in (6) is by some 
grammarians regarded as an Infinitive with a subject in 
the Objective Case : rascal would then be explained as the 
subject of the Infinitive to he punished. 

Exercise 25. In the following sentences, find the 
infinitives and tell which use of the noun each has: — 

1 We learned from our wistful mothers 
To call old England "home" 

2 ^Tis sweet to hear the watchdog'^ honest bark. 

3 To innovate is not to reform. 

4 Contented, he forgets to fly away. 

5 Tve helpM him to pen many a line for bread. 

6 The chief art of learning is to attempt but one thing 
at a time. 

7 It takes a long time to feel the world's pulse. 

8 Comfort it is to say 

" Of no mean city am I." 

9 Who loves not to explore 
That palace of Old Time ? 

10 Dr. Johnson said that no man but a blockhead ever 
wrote except to earn money. 

11 To lag and drowse unbetimes is, on 'this short day 
of frost and sun, to sleep before evening. 

12 Still the bitter fate is mine, 
All delight unshared to see. 

13 From the sacred shore I stand on^ I command thee 

to retreat ! 

14 Learning has also a function of guidance : to build 



62 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAE 

high places whereon to plant the clear and flaming lights 
of experience. 

15 We will not dare to doubt thee. 

16 In the age of Cortez and of Ealeigh dreamland had 
ceased to be dreamland. 

17 The greatest of my pride is to see my ewes graze. 

18 Hath he deserved to lose his birthright thus? 

19 To die is to be banish'd from myself. 

20 My choice it is, and pride, 

On my own lands to find my sport, 
In my own fields to ride. 

47. The Infinitive used as an Adjective is (1) a 
Direct Modifier of a Noun or (2) is used as a Predi- 
cate Adjective to complete an Intransitive Verb or a 
Passive Verb (21) (27) : as, 

1 Night is the time to weep. 

2 Rich soils are often to he tueeded. 

Exercise 26. In the folloiving sentences, find the 
infinitives and tell which use of the adjective each 
has : — 

1 Seldom has English statesmanship had such a tale 
to tell. 

2 Teach me the way to die. 

3 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, 
and some few to be chewed and digested. 

4 Now is your time to learn. 

5 In fact the theory has been perceived to be a cheat. 

6 Hast aught to match with mine? 

7 Here were a goodly place wherein to die. 

8 Such men are not to be trusted. 

9_ This is the governing motive of his immense labors 
to accomplish radical economical reform. 



THE VERB AXD ITS COMPLEMENTS 53 

10 Landor is to be read even by his admirers in a book 
of selections. 

11 The time has come, the Wah'us said, 
To talk of many things. 

12 I have no spur 
To prick the sides of my intent. 

13 That low man seeks a little thing to do. 

14 I count life just a stuff > 
To try the soul's strength on. 

15 A people is but the attempt of many 
To rise to the completer life of one. 

16 They brought me bitter news to hear and bitter 

tears to shed. 

17 Day after day the labor's to be done. 

18 It is time to be old. 
To take in sail. 

19 No offering of my own I have. 
Nor faith my works to prove. 

20 In the brawl for means to live 
Life is trod underfoot. 

48. The Infinitive used as an Adverb modifies 
(1) a Verb or (2) an Adjective: as, 

1 For we that live to please must please to live. 

2 I am ready to depart. 

Exercise 27. In the following sentences, find the 
infinitives and tell which use of the adverb each has: — 

1 How weak are words to carry thoughts like mine ! 

2 WTiat needs his laurel our ephemeral tears 
To save from visitation of decay? 

3 The elements were minist'ring 
To make one mortal blest. 

4 An Englishman is the unfittest person on earth to 
argue another person into slavery. 



54 EXERCISES IN GEAMMAR 

5 Their truer glory was delay'd 
To guide his steps aright. 

6 I would give something, Apollo ! 
Thy radiant course o'er earth to follow. 

7 I come to visit thee again, 
My little flowerless cyclamen. 

8 Vainly the fowler's eye 

Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong. 

9 But still my human hands are weak 
To hold your iron creeds. 

10 She stoops to conquer. 

11 My wishes as before 
Struggle to find their resting-place in vain. 

12 We are too young to reign! 

13 I will not enter there 

To sully your pure prayer. 

14 Fools who came to scoff remained to pray. 

15 Why should I strive to set the crooked straight? 

16 And thought leaped out to wed with thought. 

17 An old man, broken with the storms of state, 
Is come to lay his weary bones among ye. 

18 I come to bury Csesar, not to praise him. 

19 Alas, how soon the hours are over 
Counted us out to play the lover ! 

20 Many loved Truth, and lavished life's best oil 
Amid the dust of books to find her. 

49. To of the Infinitive is omitted after the follow- 
ing Verbs: (1) Verbs of perception: as, Jiear, see, feel, 
Jt'now, etc.; (2) the Verbs maij (might), should, and 
would (42) ; the Verbs can, must (29), let, make, hid, 
dare, and also need in the negative and interrogative 
forms. 

Exercise 28. In the following sentences, tell whether 
the infinitives are used as nouns, adjectives, or ad- 
verbs : — 



THE YEEB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 55 

1 Poet ! I come to touch thy lance with mine. 

2 To live in hearts we leave behind is not to die. 

3 To make a happy fireside clime 

To weans and wife, 
That's the true pathos and sublime 
Of human life. 

4 He who died at Azan sends 

This to comfort all his friends. ' . 

5 Strive thy little bark to steer 
With the tide, but near the shore. 

6 It is pleasant to see here and there a flower. 

7 And many an eye has danced to see 
That banner in the sky. 

8 Seldom has English statesmanship had such a tale 
to tell. 

9 No man e'er felt the halter draw 
With good opinion of the law. 

10 The secret of life is not to do what one likes to do, 
but to try to like what one has to do. 

11 Let us do or die. 

12 You can never teach either oak or beech 
To be aught but a greenwood tree. 

13 To strive to lift the knees and limbs that bleed. 
This is the best, the fullest meed. 

14 I am forced to reconsider my opinions. 

15 Of two evils the less is always to be chosen. 

16 I heard the pulse of the besieging sea 
Throb far away all night. 

17 The highest office of history is to preserve ideals. 

18 All your wish is woman to win. 

19 There's no one now to share my cup. 

20 Still in thy right hand carry peace 
To silence envious tongues. 

21 His mind was wax to receive and marble to retain. 

22 On the bare earth exposed he lies. 
With not a friend to close his eyes. 



56 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

23 Elizabeth could be said to have no love for anything 
but England. 

24 It was a tribute to the capacity of a public man to 
be despised by Napoleon. 

25 The greatest of faults is to be conscious of none. 

26 Under the greenwood tree 
Who loves to lie with me? 

27 They have measured many a mile 

To tread a measure with you on this grass. 

28 It were a journey like the path to heaven 
To help you find them. 

29 Hast thou wandered there 

To waft us home the message of despair? 

30 Forward and frolic glee was there, 
The will to do, the soul to dare. 

50. The Parsing of the Infinitive should include 
the following points : ( 1 ) Form : whether present or 
perfect; voice, (if any), active or passive; (2) Class: 
whether regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive; 
(3) Construction or Syntax: whether used as a noun, an 
adjective, or an adverb. 

Example : — I did send 

To you for gold to pay my legions. 
To pay is the present infinitive in the active voice of 
the irregular, transitive verb : pay, paid, paying, paid. It 
is used as an adjective to modify the noun gold. 

51. The Analysis of the Infinitive Phrase consists 
in naming the Infinitive as the principal word of the 
phrase and naming the Complement and Modifiers of 
the Infinitive. 

Example: — Friend of my heart, is it meet or wise 
To warn a king of his enemies? 



THE YEEB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 57 

To warn is the principal word of the infinitive phrase. 
It takes for its direct object the noun, king, and is modified 
by the adverbial phrase of his enemies. 

Exercise 29. Parse according to the model given 
above the infinitives in Exercise 28, and analyze the 
infinitive phrases. 

52. The Participle is a form of the Verb (38) which 
partakes of the nature both of the Verb and of the 
Adjective. The Participle takes the complements and 
modifiers of the Verb and is itself an Adjective modi- 
fier of some noun or pronoun : as, 

Tying lier ho?inet under her chin. 
She tied her raven ringlets in. 

Note 1 : Past Participles, used as siich, belong to the 
Passive Voice of Transitive Verbs. Poetry shows a few 
exceptions: "With Ate at his side, come hot from hell." 

Note 2 : A phrase composed of a Noun or Pronoun and 
a Participle, the whole being grammatically independent 
of the rest of the sentence, is called a Nominative Absolute 
Phrase (71) : ''His duty done, the leader rested content." 

Note 3 : A Participle which has lost its verbal force and 
is purely descriptive is often used as an adjective and is 
then known as a Participial Adjective (60) : as, " The 
tangled vine-stems scored the sky." 

Exercise 30. Iii the following sentences, find the 
participles and tell ivhat noun or pronoun each modi- 
fies : — 

1 There he was, swimming and diving for pleasure, and 
blowing fountains of fire out of his nostrils, like a whale 
spouting. 



58 EXEECISES IN GRAMMAE 

2 For in the night, nnseen, a single warrior 

In somber harness mailed. 
Dreaded of man, and surnamed the Destroyer, 
The rampart wall had scaled. 

3 God's poet, hid in foliage green. 
Sings endless songs, himself unseen. 

4 They found him on the morrow, 
Stretch'd on a heap of dead. 

5 Away they dash'd through Temple Bar, 
Their red cloaks flowing free. 

6 Be with us while the New World greets 
The Old World thronging all its streets. 
Unveiling all the triumphs won 

By art or toil beneath the sun. 

7 Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there 

wondering, fearing, 
Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to 
dream before. 

8 And the children stood watching them out of the 

town. 

9 My lady comes at last. 
Timid and stepping fast. 
And hastening hither. 

10 And, having played together, we will go 

With you along. 

11 Youth ended, I shall try 
My gain or loss thereby. 

12 The tiny soul then soar'd away. 
Seeking the clouds on fragile wings. 

13 Sweet in her green dell the flower of beauty slumbers, 
LulFd by the faint breezes sighing through her hair. 

14 Perceiving his end near, he took the unfinished 
manuscript of the /Eneid, intending to burn it. 

15 Having declined the proposal, I determined on a 
course suited to my own tastes. 

IG Having been censured for idleness, the student re- 
solved to be diligent.' 



THE VERB A^D ITS COMPLEMENTS 59 

17 Baffled and beaten back, she works on still. 

18 The service past, around the pious man 
With ready zeal each honest rustic ran. . 

19 One thing then learnt remains to me. 

20 Others, their blue eyes with tears overflowing, 
Stand like Ruth amid the golden corn. 

53. The Parsing of the Participle should include 
the following points: (1) Form : whether present, past, 
or perfect; voice, (if any), active or passive; (2) Class: 
"whether regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive; 
(3) Construction or Syntax: what noun or pronoun it 
modifies. 

Example : — Returning from the cruel fight, 

How pale and faint appears my knight. 

Returning is the present participle (no voice) of the 
regular, intransitive verb : return, returned, returning, 
returned. It is used to modify the noun knight. 

54. The Analysis of the Participial Phrase con- 
sists in naming the Participle as the principal word 
of the phrase and telling the Complements and Modi-, 
fiers of the Participle. 

IJxAMPLE : — Slowly and sadly we laid him down, 
The sods with our bayonets turning. 
Turning is the principal word of the participial phrase. 
It takes for its direct object the noun sods and is modified 
by the adverbial phrase with our bayonets. 

Note: The Nominative Absolute Phrase (52) is an- 
alyzed by taking the Noun as the principal word with the 
Participle as its modifier. The Participle being is some- 
times understood : as, " He staggered onward, his very life 
a burden/' 



60 EXERCISES IN GEAMMAR 

Exercise 31. Parse according to the model given 
above the participles in Exercise 30, and analyze the 
participial phrases. 

55. The Gerund is a form of the Verb that partakes 
of the nature of both the !Noun and the Verb. Gerunds 
have the complements and modifiers of the Verb, but 
may also be modified by a Noun or a Pronoun in the 
Possessive Case (44). 

Note: The forms of the Gerund are the same as those 
of the Participle (38), except that there is no Gerund cor- 
responding to the Past Participle. 

56. The Uses of the Gerund are as follows: — 

1 Subject of a Verb: Adorning thee with so much art 

Is but a barbarous skill. 

2 Direct Object of a Verb: The sea-kings love not 
boasting. 

3 Predicate Noun: A sorrow's crown of sorrow is 
remembering happier things. 

. 4 Object of a Preposition: Of malcing many books 
there is no end. 

5 Adverbial Objective (73) : Whatever is worth doing 
at all, is worth doing well. 

Exercise 32. In the following sentences, find the 
gerunds and tell hoiu each is used: — 

1 The fairest action of our human life 
Is scorning to revenge an injury. 

2 Wishing has lost its power. 

3 Loving our neighbor as ourselves is fulfilling the law. 

4 There should be time for being and knowing as well 
as for doing. 



THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 61 

5 During Monmouth's rebellion many persons who were 
accused of having sheltered traitors were put to death. 

G Being convinced of one's folly is often a great step 
towards wisdom. 

7 In" the time of Charles II, conveying a letter cost 
twopence for the first eighty miles. 

8 After waiting half an hour without being supplied 
with post-horses, the traveler determined to hire a horse 
wherever he could. 

9 For he makes life worth living 
W^io makes this message plain. 

10 I shall cheerfully bear the reproach of having de- 
scended below the dignity of history, if I can succeed in 
placing before the English of the nineteenth century a true 
picture of their ancestors. 

11 Best is not quitting the busy career; 
Best is in fitting one's self to one's sphere. 

12 So desolate was the place after. this calamity that 
the vicarage was thought scarcely worth having. 

13 If eyes were made for seeing. 
Then beauty is its own excuse for being. 

14 The king's fondness for French literature was due 
to his having been educated in France. 

15 Spring stirred and broke. The rooks once more 
'Gan cooing in the loft. 

16 Twice saying " pardon " doth not pardon twice. 

17 Deserve my love by loving him. 

18 Stand not upon the order of your going. 

19 The task he undertakes is numbering sands and 
drinking oceans dry. 

20 After considering him attentively, I recognized in 
him a diligent getter-up of miscellaneous works. 

57. The Parsing of the Gerund should include the 
following points: (1) Form: whether present or per- 
fect; voice, (if any), active or passive; (2) Class: 
whether regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive; 



62 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

(3) Construction or Syntax: which of the noun uses 
the Gerund has. 

Example : — You have condemned and noted Lucius Pella 
YoY taking bribes. 
Taking is the present gerund, in the active voice, of the 
irregular, transitive verb : take, took, taking, taken. It is 
used as the object of the preposition for. 

58. The Analysis of the Gerund Phrase consists in 
naming the Gerund as the principal word of the phrase 
and telling the Complement and Modifiers of the 
Gerund. 

Example: — Seeirg too much sadness hath congealed your 
blood. 
Seeing is the principal word of the gerund phrase, 
taking for its direct object the noun sadness. 

Exercise 33. Parse, according to the model given 
above, the gerunds in Exercise 32, and analyze the 
gerund phrases. 

Exercise 34. In the folloiving sentences, tell whether 
the verbals are infinitives, 'participles, or gerunds, and 
explain how each is used: — 

1 Here I come creeping everywhere ; 

You cannot see me coming, 

Nor hear my low sweet humming. 

2 For memory, dwelling 
On each proud swelling 
Of the belfry, knelling 

Its bold notes free. 
Made the bells of Shandon 
Sound far more grand on 
The pleasant waters 

Of the river Lee. 



THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 63 

3 I have no more pleasure in hearing a man attempt- 
ing wit and failing than in seeing a man trying to leap 
over a ditch and falling into it. 

4 Our country hath a gospel of her own 

To preach and practice before all the world — 
The freedom and divinity of man. 

5 Irving taught millions of his countrymen to love 
England. 

6 After being graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825, 
Hawthorne spent twelve years in Salem, reading, writing 
stories, many of which he burned, and becoming, in his 
own familiar phrase, " the obscurest man of letters in 
America." 

7 At the close of '^ Thanatopsis " the injunction to live 
worthily rings in our ears like a trumpet-call. 

8 Members were astonished to recognize a broad phi- 
losophy of poetry running through Burke'g speeches. 

9 Having spoken of Longfellow's Jife, and the wide- 
spread and beautiful influence of his verse, it only remains 
for us to speak briefly of his poetry itself. 

10 Now, the walled cities won, 

And storm withstood, and all her story spun, 
She towers in sand beside some sunny bay 
Whence in the silvery morn new barks go sailing gay. 

11 Harvard was calculated in its early days to produce 
learned theologians rather than men of letters. 

12 Having been provided with ample means by his 
fond mother, Harry Warrington set out to conquer Eng- 
land. 

13 Now, mass being said, before the priest he brought 
That glittering prophecy, his untried sword. 

14 Death in their prison reaches them, 
Unfreed, having seen nothing, still unblest. 

15 In the moonlight the shepherds. 
Soft lull'd by the rills. 

Lie wrapt in their blankets 
Asleep on the hills. 



64 EXEKCISES IN GKAMMAK 

16 I should like to rise and go 
Where the golden apples grow. 

17 And yet I fear'd him all the more 
For lying there so still. 

18 The sum of behavior is to retain a man's dignity 
without intruding upon that of others. 

19 The reward of a thing well done is to have done it. 

20 The statement that Shakespeare or Swift obliterated 
themselves from their works needs only to be made to be 
laughed at. 

21 Determined to see Europe, he succeeded, probably 
more by his energy than because of these literary ventures, 
in inducing several newspaper editors to engage him to 
write them letters from abroad. 

22 Not to be conquered by these argues one's self dull 
of soul. 

23 After completing our survey of literary progress 
during the latest period, we are better able to realize that 
the local differences impressed so deeply on the great sec- 
tions of the country from the first are not even now wholly 
effaced. 

24 But suffer me to pace 
Eound the forbidden place, 
Lingering a minute. 

25 Kentish Sir Byng stood for his King, 
Bidding the crop-headed Parliament swing. 

26 The intrinsic worth of Channing's writings remains 
to be tested by time. 

27 He deserves the credit of having rid himself of the 
prejudices and influences that marked the society in which 
he moved. 

28 Others will teach us how to dare 
And against fear our breast to steel, 
Others will strengthen us to bear — 
But who, ah ! who will make us feel ? 

29 Rest to the uncrown'd King! who, toiling, brought 
His bleeding country through that dreadful reign. 



THE VEEB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 65 

Wlio, living, earn'd a world's revering thought, 
And, dying, leaves his name without a stain. 

59. Verbal Phrases are sometimes grammatically 
Independent of the rest of the sentence. (1) Infinitive 
and (2) Gerund phrases used independently are usually 
parenthetical: as, ^ 

1 Marley was dead, to begin with. 

2 The feelings of a child are, generally speaking, quick 
and intense. 

Note: The Independent Participial phrase is known as 
the Nominative Absolute construction (52). 

Summary of -ing Forms. 

60. The Verbal Forms ending in -ing must be care- 
fully distinguished. They are: (1) the Present Par- 
ticiple; (2) the Participial Adjective; (3) the 
Gerund; (4) The Verbal Noun. 

Note 1: The Participle in -ing (1) modifies some Noun 
or Pronoun; (2) expresses action or state belonging to the 
same time as the action or state of the main verb of the 
clause ; (3) may take the complements of a Verb : as, " The 
old order changeth, yielding place to new." 

Note 2 : Participial Adjectives are Participles which 
have lost all verbal force and are placed before nouns to 
denote quality : as, " Truth sits upon the lips of dying 
men." 

Note 3 : The Gerund, like the Participle, may take the 
complements and modifiers of the Verb. It is, however, 
used as a Noun (56) and may be modified by a pos- 
sessive (55). 



66 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAE 

Note 4: The Verbal Noun in -ing (1) expresses state 
or action, (2) may be modified by the Definite Article or 
by an Adjective, but (3) may not take the complements 
and modifiers of the Verb : as, " This parting strikes poor 
lovers dumb." 

Exercise 35. Tell whether each of the -ing forms in 
the following sentences is a participle, a participial ad- 
jective, a gerund, 'or a verbal noun: — 

1 There is a pleasure, sure. 

In being mad, which none but madmen know. 

2 And thus th'e soldier, armed Avith resolution, 
Told his soft tale and was a thriving wooer. 

3 Wandering down the shady dell, 
We gathered the wild flowers. 

4 There let the pealing organ blow 
To the full-voiced choir below. 

5 All heaven admiring stood a space. 

6 Journeys end in lovers' meeting. 

7 Praising what is lost 
Makes the remembrance dear. 

8 The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, 

Doth^ glance from heaven to earth, from earth to 
heaven. 

9 Striving to do better, oft we mar what's well. 

10 There is nothing either good or bad but thinking 
makes it so. 

11 The beating of my own heart 
W^as all the sound I heard. 

12 All that lives must die. 

Passing through nature to eternity. 

13 There are nine and sixty ways of constructing tribal 

lays. 
And every single one of them is right. 

14 He shall find the stubborn thistle bursting into glossy 

purples. 



THE VERB AXD ITS COMPLEMENTS 67 

15 ^Alienee comes solace? Not from seeing 
What is doing, suffering, being, 

Not from noting Life's conditions. 
Not from heeding Time's monitions. 

16 The minster bell tolls out 
Above the city's rout, 
And noise and humming. 

17 " Be of good comfort, Master Eidley," Latimer cried 
at the crackling of the flames. 

18 How sweetly did they float upon the wings 
Of silence through the empty-vaulted night, 
At every turn smoothing the raven down 
Of darkness till it smil'd. 

19 We watched her breathing through the night. 
Her breathing soft and low. 

20 Let them touch each other's hands in a fresh 

wreathing 
Of their tender human youth. 

61. The Uses and Forms of Phrases, including 
the Prepositional (110) Phrase, may be summarized 
as follows: — 



Form 



1 Infinitive 



2 Participial 



3 Gerund 



Use 

1 Noun 

2 Adjective 
i 3 Adverb 
t 4 Independent J 

1 Adjective ) 

2 Independent ) 



J 1 Noun 

(2 



2 Independent ) 

4 Prepositional \ ^ Adjective ) 
( 2 Adverbial S 



Principal Word 



The Infinitive 



1 The Participle 

2 The Nominative 

Absolute 

The Gerund 

The Object of the 
Preposition 



68 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

Note: Phrases ma}^ be simple, complex (62), or com- 
pound (119) in Structure. 

62. A Complex Phrase is a phrase within a phrase. 
The Analysis of the Complex Phrase is as follows: — 

Example (1) : — Men are often forced to base their hopes 

on insecure foundations. 
To base is the principal word of the complex infinitive 
phrase. It takes for its direct object the noun hopes and 
is modified by the prepositional adverbial phrase on inse- 
cure foundations. 
Example (2) : — Having learned through misfortune to 

discipline his character, Johnson in the end triumphed 

over circumstances. 
Having learned is the principal word of the complex 
participial phrase. It takes as its direct object the in- 
finitive phrase to discipline his character, and is modified 
by the prepositional adverbial phrase through misfortune. 

Note: In the Complex Prepositional Phrase, the object 
of the first Preposition is the principal word of the phrase 
as a whole : as, " I was wounded in the house of my 
friends." 

63. The Analysis of the Simple Sentence (8) con- 
sists (1) in finding the Subject, Predicate, and Com- 
plement, if any; (2) in telling the word and phrase 
modifiers of these three elements, and (3) in analyzing 
the phrases used as modifiers (62). 

Note : In analysis, phrases are usually named from their 
use (Noun, Adjective, or Adverbial), the form (61) and 
structure being shown by the method of analysis. 

Example: — It is a pious custom in some Catholic coun- 
tries to honor the memory of saints by votive lights 
burned before their pictures. 



THE VEEB, AA^D ITS COMPLEMENTS 69 

Simple Declarative Sentence. 

Subject, It. 

Predicate Verb, is. 

Complement, custom (predicate noun). 

( 1 in some Catholic countries (adverbial 

Modifiers -j phrase, modifying is). 

( 2 a, pious (adjective modifiers of custom). 

Noun phrase in apposition with subject : to honor . . . 
pictures, having for principal word the infinitive to honor, 
which has for direct object memory, modified by the and 
of saints. To honor is modified by the adverbial phrase 
by votive lights burned before their pictures, with lights 
as the principal word, modified by votive and by the 
adjective phrase burned before their pictures, in which 
burned is the principal word, modified by the adverbial 
phrase before their pictures. The principal word is pic- 
tures, modified by their. 

Exercise 36. Analyze the following simple sentences 
according to the model given above, explaining fully 
the use and the form of each phrase: — 

1 To love a river is to love poetry in one of its most 
visible forms. 

2 Through this dark and stormy night 
Faith beholds a feeble light 

Up the blackness streaking. 

3 With such infirmities of body and mind, this cele- 
brated man was left, at two-and-twenty, to fight his way 
through the world. 

4 Among the most constant attendants were two high- 
born and high-bred gentlemen, closely bound together by 
friendship, but of widely different characters and habits. 

5 To die at such an age has, for all but the entirely 
base, something of the air of a betrayal. 

6 American government, relying very little on officials, 



70 EXEKCISES IN GRAMMAE 

has the merit of arming them with little power of arbi- 
trary interference. 

7 To judge of America rightly, the observer must not 
fix his eye simply upon her present condition, seeking to 
strike a balance between the evil and the good. 

8 After long laboring in the windy ways, 

On smooth and shining tides 
Swiftly the great ship glides, 
Her storms forgot, her weary watches past. 

9 Drake in the North Sea grimly prowling, 

Treading his dear Revenge s deck. 
Watched, with the sea-dogs round him growling, 
Galleons drifting, wreck b}^ wreck. 

10 But now beyond the pathway's bend 
Sir Alan saw the forest end. 
And, winding wide beneath the hill. 
The glassy river lone and still. 

11 Having in this generous manner made himself strong 
in the heart of the common people, he turned to curb the 
power of the factious nobility. 

12 Here they used to sit in the shade through a long, 
lazy summer's day, talking listlessly over village gossip, 
or telling endless, sleepy stories about nothing. 

13 Soon is heard the deep, pervading sound of the 
organ, rolling and vibrating through the empty lanes and 
courts. 

14 Some great cause, God's new Messiah offering each 

the bloom or blight, 
Parts the goats upon the left hand, and the sheep 
upon the right. 

15 But he went laughing down the shadowed way, 
The boy's heart leaping still within his breast. 

16 For God's sake, let us sit upon the ground 
And tell sad stories of the death of kings. 

17 And many another suppliant crying came. 
With noise of ravage wrought by beast and man. 

18 But Vivien, deeming Merlin overborne 



THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 71 

By instance, recommenced, and let her tongue 
Rage like a fire among the noblest names. 

19 Then went Sir Bedivere the second time 
Across the ridge, and pac'd beside the mere, 
Counting the dewy pebbles, fix'd in thought. 

20 Here by the thronging Golden Gate 
For thousands and for you I wait. 
Seeing adventurous sails unfurled , 
For the four corners of the world. 

21 The natural principle of war is to do the most harm 
to our enemy with the least harm to ourselves. 

22 How different is virtue clothed in purple and en- 
throned in state from virtue naked and destitute and 
perishing obscurely in a wilderness ! 

23 At sunrise, from their dewy lair 
Crossing the stream, the kine are seen 
Round the wall to stray. 

24 How comforting it is to see a cheerful and con- 
tented old age, and to behold a poor fellow like this, after 
being tempest-tost through life, safely moored in a snug 
and quiet harbor in the evening of his days ! 

25 My task accomplished and the long day done, 
My wages taken, and in my heart 

Some late lark singing. 

Let me be taken to the quiet west. 

26 I only see 

The poster with its reds and blues. 
Bidding the heart stand still to take 
Its desolating stab of news. 

27 Tossing his mane of snows in wildest eddies and 

tangles 
Warlike March cometh in, hoarse, with tempestuous 

breath. 
Through all the moaning chimneys, and 'thwart all 

the hollows and angles, 
Round the shuddering house, breathing of winter and 

death. 



72 EXERCISES IN GEAMMAR 

28 Then into hall Gareth ascending heard 
A voice, the voice of Arthur, and beheld 
Far over heads in that long-vaulted hall 
The splendor of the presence of the King 
Throned, and delivering doom. 

29 Not for so swift forgetfulness you wrought. 
Day upon day, with rapt, fastidious pen. 
Turning, like precious stones, with anxious thought. 
This word and that again and yet again. 

Seeking to match its meaning with the world. 

30 Burning with indignation and rendered sullen by 
despair, with hearts bursting with grief at the destruc- 
tion of their tribe, and spirits galled and sore at the 
fancied ignominy of their defeat, they refused to ask their 
lives at the hands of an insulting foe, and preferred death 
to submission. 



Noun Clauses as Complements. 

64. The Complements of Transitive Verbs in the 
active voice and of Intransitive Verbs of state or 
condition may be Noun Clauses used as Direct Objects 
or Predicate Nouns. A sentence whose complement is 
a Clause is Complex (9) : as, 

You say you are a tetter soldier. 

Note 1 : Noun Clauses may act as complements after 
Transitive or Intransitive Verbals (44). 

Note 2 : A Noun Clause is sometimes found as an ki- 
tributive Complement (26) : as, " Ruskin's constant study 
of the Scriptures made his style what it was." 

Note^ 3: The Subordinate Conjunction that frequently 
introduces Noun Clauses. It is sometimes understood 
before the clause. 

Note 4: Noun Clauses used as complements sometimes 



THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 73 

represent an original Question : as, " Tell me, my sonl, can 
this he death f" 



Exercise 37. In the folloiving sentences, find the 
noun clauses used as complements of verbs or of ver'hals 
omd tell in each case whether the clause is used as a 
direct object or as a predicate noun: — , 

1 Usually the significance of local history is that it is 
part of a greater whole. 

2 Life ! I know not what thou art. 

3 And twinkling diamonds in the grass 
Show where the flitting zephyrs pass. 

4 The best proof of the well-braced solidity of the 
system is that it survived the Civil War. 

5 Tell me where is fancy bred. 

6 But the breeze of the morning blew, and found 
That the leaves of the blown rose strewed the ground. 

7 But now I see the good old times are dead. 

8 " Long prayers," I said, " in the world they say.'' 

9 I can never guess aright 
Where their lodging-places are. 

10 Death stands above me, whispering low 
I know not what into my ear ; 

Of his strange language all I know 
Is, there is not a word of fear. 

11 He said: The end is everywhere. 

12 stranger, tell the Lacedaemonians that we lie here 
obeying their orders. 

13 Shall' the clay say to the potter: What makest thou? 

14 I should have known what fruit would spring from 
such a seed. 

15 I'd say how chance may change and shift. 

16 Nor knowest thou what argument 

Thy life to thy neighbor's creed hath lent. 

17 The military saints resolved that, in defiance of the 



74 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAE 

old laws of the realm and of the almost universal senti- 
ment of the nation, the King should expiate his crimes 
with his blood. 

18 I tell thee thou'rt defied ! 

19 Another reason for Macaulay's popularity is that 
he has in one way or another something to tell them about 
many of the most striking personages and interesting 
events in the history of mankind. 

20 The theory is that definitive laws, selected by a 
power outside the government, are the structural iron of 
the entire fabric of politics. 

21 He fought a thousand glorious wars, 

And more than half the world was his, 
• And somewhere now, in yonder stars. 
Can tell, mayhap, what greatness is. 

22 Read here how Wealth aside was thrust. 
And Folly set in place exalted. 

23 The charge brought against Bacon by his enemies 
was that he had sold justice. 

24 One of Coleridge's dreams was that he and his 
friends might establish an ideal colony on the banks of 
the Susquehanna River. 

25 The majority of the assembly wisely considered that 
to accept terms of peace would be to refute all their pro- 
fessions of loyalty. 

2G Seeing only what is fair. 
Sipping only what is sweet. 
Thou dost mock at fate and care. 
Leave the chaff and take the wheat. 

27 Say not the struggle naught availeth. 

28 Through all the vicissitudes of Spenser's career, his 
hope was that he might be enriched by some patron at 
the Court. 

29 I said to the rose, " The brief night goes 
In babble and revel and wine." 

30 To the just-pausing Genius we remit 

Our worn-out life, and are — what we have been. 



THE YEEB AND ITS COMPLEMENTS 75 

65. The Analysis of the Complex Sentence con- 
sists of the following parts: (1) the Division of the 
sentence into one Principal Proposition and one or 
more Subordinate Clauses; (2) the Analysis of the 
Principal Proposition as a simple sentence, the Sub- 
ordinate Clauses being explained as single units, Noun, 
Adjective, or Adverb; (3) the Analysis of the Sub- 
ordinate clauses as Simple (63) or Complex Sentences. 

Example: — Some maintain that to this day 
She is a living child. 

Complex Declarative Sentence, 
r Subject, Some 

-T) . • 1 -r, .,• I Predicate Verb, maintain 

Prmcipal Proposition, ; ^ , , ' , 

a ' , • < Complement, that . . . 

borne maintain 1 -, S-, , . 

child (noun clause used as 

t direct object) 

Subject, she 

Predicate Verb, is 

Complement, child (predi- 
cate noun) 

Modifier of Verb, to this 
day (adverbial phrase) 

Modifiers of Complement, a, 
living (adjectives) 



Subordinate Clause, 
that . . . child, 
introduced by that < 
(subordinate con 
junction) 



Exercise 38. Analyze, according to the model given 
above, the sentences in Exercise 37. 



CHAPTER IV 

THE KOUJSr 

66. A Noun is a word used as the Name of some 
person, object, quality, or idea. I^ouns are classified 
as Common, Proper, and Abstract. 

Note 1 : A Common Noun is a name applicable to all 
objects of the same class. A Proper Noun is a name 
applied to a particular person, place, or thing. An 
Abstract Noun is the name of a quality or condition, con- 
sidered apart from the object to which it belongs. Hamlet 
is a proper noun; hero, a common noun; indecision, an 
abstract noun. 

Note 2 : A Common Noun denoting a number of per- 
sons or things considered as a unit is called a Collective 
Noun and takes a verb in the Singular : as, " The pack is 
diminished by war.^' 

Note 3 : A Common Noun denoting a number of per- 
sons considered as individuals is called a Noun of Multi- 
tude and takes a verb in the Plural : as, " The clergy of 
that district were not often happy in the possession of 
faithful curates." 

Note 4: Verbal Nouns (60) are sometimes regarded as 
Abstract Nouns. 

Exercise 39. Classify the nouns in the following 
sentences as common, proper, abstract, verbal, or col- 
lective : — 

1 Virtue is bold, and goodness never fearful. 

2 'Tis all men's office to speak patience 

To tho^e that wring under the load of sorrow. 
76 



THE NOUN 77 

3 For knowledge to their eyes her ample page, 
Eich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll; 
Chill penury repress'd their noble rage. 
And froze the genial current of the soul. 

4 Learning will be cast into the mire and trodden down 
under the hoofs of a swinish multitude. 

5 The ringing of bells is at an end; the rumbling of 
the carriages has ceased; the pattering of ' feet is heard 
no more ; the flocks are folded in ancient churches, cramped 
up in by-lanes and corners of the crowded city, where the 
vigilant beadle keeps watch, like the shepherd's dog, round 
the threshold of the sanctuary. 

6 There are times, however, — verily to speak, one must 
confess it — when all at Westminster seems pragmatism and 
pretense. 

7 You sit, you listen, you observe; you note the de- 
vouring war of ambitions, jealousies, conflicting parties 
and policies. 

8 A man he seems of cheerful yesterdays 
And confident to-morrows. 

9 The river Rhine, it is well known, 
Doth wash your city of Cologne; 

But tell me, nymphs, what power divine 
Shall henceforth wash the river Ehine? 

10 Underneath this sable hearse 
Lies the subject of all verse, — 
Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother. 
Death, ere thou hast slain another, 
Learn'd and fair and good as she. 
Time shall throw a dart at thee. 

11 The sense of death is most in apprehension. 

12 The hand that rounded Peter's dome. 
And groined the aisles of Christian Rome, 
Wrought in a sad sincerity. 

13 But the aged cathedrals, the true antiques, born in 
due time and escaping the spoiler — old English minsters, 
for example, that stand so firmly planted, or lay their four 



78 EXEKCISES IN GEAMMAR 

limbs of chancel, nave, and transepts so possessingly and 
inveterately on the sod — they have a soul. 
Itt Scorn and cold neglect are made 
For winter gloom and winter wind. 

15 Eather I trust your lot may touch 
Some Croesus, if there should be such, 
To buy you, and that you may so 
From Croesus unto Croesus go. 

Till that inevitable day 

When comes your moment of decay. 

16 In " Julius Caesar '' the virtue of Brutus is foiled 
by its ignorance of and isolation from mankind. 

17 Perhaps no human being was ever more perfectly 
exempted from the taint of malevolence, vanity, and 
falsehood. 

18 Summer came in the country, 

Eed was the heather bell. 
But the manner of the brewing 
Was none alive to tell. 

19 I saw in dreams a mighty multitude, — 

Gathered they seemed from North, South, East, West. 

20 In the pleasant realms of poesy no liveries are worn, 
no paths prescribed; you may wander where you will, stop 
where you like, and worship whom you love. Nothing is 
demanded of you save this, that in all your wanderings 
and worships you keep two objects steadily in view — two, 
and two only, truth and beauty. 

67. Nouns may have Inflection or change in form 
to shov^ Gender, Number, and Case. 



Note 1 : Gender denotes sex. Nouns denoting males are 
of the Masculine Gender; females, of the Feminine Gen- 
der; things without sex, of the Neuter Gender. 

Note 2 : Nouns are Singular when they denote one ob- 
ject or individual ; Plural when they denote more than one. 



THE NOUN 79 

68. Case is the form of a Noun by which its rela- 
tion to other words is shown. There are three cases: 
the Nominative, the Possessive, and the Objective. 

Note 1 : Declension is the arrangement of the forms of 
the three cases of a Noim in both numbers. 

Note 2 : The Nominative and Objective fqrms are alike. 
The Possessive Singular adds the apostrophe and s {'s) to 
the Nominative Singular. If the Nominative Plural ends 
in s, the Possessive Plural adds the apostrophe only. If it 
does not end in s, the Possessive Plural adds the apostrophe 
and s ('s) : hoy's; boys'; mens. 

69. A Noun is in the Nominative Case Avhen it 
is: (1) the Subject of a verb; (2) the Predicate Noun; 
(3) Independent by direct address; (4) Nominative 
Absolute; (5) in Apposition with another Nominative 
(72). 

70. The Predicate Noun is the noun used as the 
complement of Intransitive and Passive Verbs (21). 
Such verbs take the same case after as before them, and 
Predicate Nouns are therefore in the Nominative Case. 

Note 1 : Nouns used as complements of Intransitive and 
Passive Verbals take the case of the noun (or pronoun) 
grammatically before them and are therefore sometimes 
Nominative and sometimes Objective: as, ''Scott is said to 
be the prince of story-tellers " {prince is Nominative in 
agreement with Scott) ; " George the Third believed West 
to be a great painter'' {painter is Objective in agreement 
with ^Yest). 

Note 2 : Participial phrases formed from Intransitive or 
Passive Verbs usually modify the Subject, and their Noun 
Complements are therefore in the Nominative Case: as, 



80 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

"Being a stanch Tory, Johnson could see no virtue in a 
Whig " {Tory is Nominative in agreement with Johnson). 

Note 3 : Infinitives and Gerunds formed from Intransi- 
tive or Passive Verbs sometimes take Noun complements 
that do not refer to any particular person or thing. Such 
complement^ are used indefinitely and are in the Nom- 
inative Case: as^ "To be a poet requires genius"; "To 
men of a roving disposition, there is often much pleasure 
in being an amateur vagabond/' 

Exercise 40. Find the predicate nouns in Exercise 
8 and account for the case of each. 

71. The Noun naming the person or thing directly 
addressed is said to be Nominative Independent by 
Address. The Noun used with a Participle to form 
an independent phrase is called the Nominative Abso- 
lute (52) : as, 

1 Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour. 

2 Summer fading, winter comes. 

Note : The Nominative Absolute phrase must not include 
the Subject of the sentence, or the Complement of the 
predicate. 

Exercise 41. In the following sentences, find the 
nouns used as the nominative absolute or the nominative 
independent, and explain the use of each: — 

1 Do ye hear the children weeping, my brothers ? 

2 Come, my friends, 
'Tis not too late to seek another world. 

3 With that she fell distract, 

And, her attendants absent, swallowed fire. 

4 There being much obscurity in the case, he refuses 
to decide upon it. 

5 Ah ! my Lord Arthur, whither shall I go ? 



THE NOUN 81 

6 Yet once more, ye laurels, and once more. 
Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere, 

I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude. 

7 And ye Fountains, Meadows, Hills, and Groves, 
Forebode not any severing of our loves ! 

8 There sweet Cervantes walks, 
A smile on his grave face. 

9 Be it granted me to behold you again in dying. 
Hills of home ! 

10 x\t midnight, in his guarded tent. 

The Turk lay dreaming of the hour 
W^ien Greece, her knee in suppliance bent, 
Should tremble at his power. 

11 The embattled forests, ere while armed in gold, 
Their banners bright with every martial hue, 
Now stood, like some sad beaten host of old. 

13 Hence, loathed Melancholy ! 

Of Cerberus and blackest Midnight born. 

13 And every chambered cell. 

Where its dim dreaming life was wont to dwell. 
As the frail tenant shaped his growing shell. 

Before thee lies revealed, 
Its irised ceiling rent, its sunless crypt unsealed. 

14 Descend with broad-winged flight. 

The welcome, the thrice-prayed for, the most fair, 
The best-beloved Night ! 

15 Pride in their port, defiance in their eye, 
I see the lords of humankind pass by. 

16 The party worked its way up the stream, the average 
progress not exceeding nine miles a day. 

17 Maligned but benevolent commercial spirit, who shall 
vindicate thee sufficiently? 

18 Dwight dies, the neglected artist's sense of failure 
bitter with him to the last, no doubt. 

19 Then we can look calmly backward while we row 
into the unseen, old beacons guiding us still. 



82 EXEECISES IN GEAMMAR 

20 Upon such sacrifices, my Cordelia, 
The gods themselves throw incense. 

72. A Noun used to explain another Noun or a Pro- 
noun takes the same case as the noun or pronoun ex- 
plained and is said to be in Apposition with it: as, 

Then answered Lancelot, the chief of knights. 

Exercise 42. In the following sentences, find the 
nouns in apposition and explain the case of each: — 

1 The Niobe of nations, there she stands. 

2 The naked stars have seen it^ a fellow-star in the 

mist. 

3 Remember me a little then, I pray. 
The idle singer of an empty day. 

4 For this is England's greatest son, 
He that gained an hundred fights. 
Nor ever lost an English gun. 

5 Still are thy pleasant voices, thy nightingales, awake. 

6 We fell out, my wife and I. 

7 Physician of the iron age, 
Goethe has done his pilgrimage. 

8 I sat with Doris, the shepherd-maiden. 

9 The roof that sheltered Washington's retreat, 
Thy home of homes, America, I find 

In this memorial mansion. 

10 Serene companions of a vanish'd age. 
Noiseless they tread the once familiar floors. 

11 My dazzled sight he oft deceives, 
A brother of the dancing leaves. 

12 Voltaire and Rousseau, those two diverse oracles of 
their age, both died in 1778. 

13 There is 
One great society alone on earth, 
The noble living and the noble dead. 

14 We have given our hearts away — a sordid boon. 



THE NOUN 83 

15 Then came in hall the messenger of Mark, 
A name of evil savor in the land. 

The Cornish king. 

16 Standing like a tower 
Our children shall behold his fame, 

The kindly-earnest, brave, foreseeing man. 

17 There mark what ills the scholar's life assail. 
Toil, envy, want, the patron and the jail. 

18 Here a sheer hulk, lies poor Tom Bowling, 
The darling of our crew. 

19 Without the comfort, hope, with scarce a friend. 
He looks through life and only sees its end. 

20 Yon blue sea bears thy country's flag; 
The billows' pride and joy. 

Exercise 43. In the following sentences, find the 
nouns in the nominative case and give the reason for 
the case of each: — 

1 They stood aloof, the scars remaining, 
Like cliffs which had been rent asunder. 

2 Can a youth who refuses to yield obedience to his 
parents expect to become a good or a wise man? 

3 Night is the time to weep. 
To wet with unseen tears 

Those graves of memory, where sleep 
The joys of other years. 

4 The barbarous ages past, next succeeded the birth- 
day of invention. 

5 To this was soon added some anxiety at the percep- 
tion that their attitude toward him began to exhibit strange 
fluctuations. 

6 Land that he loved, thy noblest voice is mute. 

7 A dainty plant is the ivy green ! 

8 Your ghost will walk, you lover of trees, 

(If our loves remain) 
In an English lane. 



84 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

9 Ah, the vision of dawn is leisure, 
But the truth of day is toil. 

10 Then off there flung in smiling joy, 
And held himself erect 

By just his horse's mane, a boy. 

11 Yet half a beast is the great god Pan, 
To laugh as he sits by the river. 

12 Is this the man by whose decree abide 
The lives of countless nations? 

13 We are informed that to part with the colonies will 
be an immediate relief to the taxpayer. 

14 Goldsmith found that being usher in an academy 
was not a pleasant occupation. 

15 Such lovers old are I and she. 

16 He long liv'd the pride 
Of that country-side, 

And at last in the odor of sanctity died. 

17 God speed thee, pretty bird; may thy small nest 
With little ones all in good time be blest. 

18 The old men sat with hats pulFd down. 

Their claret cups before them. 

19 By the rude bridge that arch'd the flood. 

Their flag to April's breezes furl'd, 
Here once the embattled farmers stood. 
And fired the shot heard round the world. 

20 Sphinx of my quiet hearth! who deign'st to dwell 
Friend of my toil, companion of mine ease. 
Thine is the lore of Ra and Rameses. 



73. A Noun is in the Objective Case when it is 

(1) the Direct Object of a Transitive Verb or Verbal, 

(2) the Indirect Object, (3) the Object of a Preposi- 
tion, (4) the Attributive Noun Complement, (5) the 
Adverbial Objective, (G) in Apposition with another 
Objective. 



THE NOUN 85 

Note : A Noun used Adverbially to denote time, measure, 
distance, value, etc., is known as the Adverbial Objective: 
as, " Three years she grew in sun and shower." 

Exercise 44. Find the nouns in the objective case 
in Exercises 12 and 13 and explain the case of each. 

Exercise 45. Find the nouns used as adverbial ob- 
jectives in the following sentences: — 

1 Long years their cabin stood 

Out on the moor. 

2 Does the road wind up-hill all the way? 

3 To-day I will seek not the shadowy region. 

4 There's nothing under heaven so blue 
That's fairly worth the traveling to. 

5 A moment, while the trumpets blow. 
He sees his brood about thy knee, 

6 How many a month I strove to suit 
These stubborn fingers to the lute! 

7 To-day and yesterday are leagues apart. 

8 How many miles to Babylon? 

9 My interest in these questions did not begin the day 
before yesterday. 

10 While you thought of no one, nearly half the world 

away 
Someone thought of Louis on the beach of Monterey ! 

11 We have come the primrose way. 

12 I heard the pulse of the besieging sea 
Throb far away all night. 

13 The shepherd sees his flock come bleating home. 

14 Forty times over let Michaelmas pass. 

15 My song, save this, is little worth. 

16 But still the boatmen hear her call the cattle home. 
Across the sands of Dee. 

17 but I've chronicled a deal of sport, 
Feasts that were ate a thousand days ago. 



86 EXEECISES IN GRAMMAE 

18 A mile or so away, . 

On a little mound, Napoleon 
Stood on our storming-day. 

19 It is better to be seventy years young than forty 
years old. 

20 What recked the Roman what befell 

A paltry province far away, 
In the solemn midnight 
Centuries ago! 

Exercise 46. In the following sentences, find the 
nouns in the objective case and give the reason for the 
case of each: — 

1 masters, if I were disposed to stir 

Your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage, 
I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong. 

2 Not only around our infancy 

Doth Heaven with all its splendors lie; 
Daily, with souls that cringe and plot. 
We Sinais climb and know it not. 

3 But loud laments 
The woodmen and the shepherds one long year 
Heard day and night. 

4 Milton and Wordsworth bid him welcome home. 

5 All June I bound the rose in sheaves. 

6 And godlike spirits hail him guest. 

7 My interest in these questions did not begin the day 
before yesterday. 

8 Hence milk and honey wonder not, guest. 
To find set duly on the hollow stone. 

9 A thousand miles from land are we. 

10 I give my soldier-boy a blade. 

In fair Damascus fashioned well. 

11 I call 
That piece a wonder, now; Fra Pandolf's hands 
Work'd busily a day, and there she stands. 



THE NOUN 87 

12 He who died at Azan sends 
This to comfort all his friends. 

13 Duncan sent that frozen flame 

To Lady Gruach, the gracious dame. 

14 I've liv'd since then, in calm and strife, 
Full fifty summers, a sailor's life. 

15 We will call his anger play. 
Deem his dart a feather. 

16 None but the brave deserves the fair. ' 

17 Each other's cups they touch'd all round, 

The last red drop outpouring. 

18 I've writ the foolish fancy of his brain, 

The aimless jest that, striking, hath caus'd pain, 
The idle word that he'd wish back again. 

19 They would talk of nothing but high life and high- 
lived company with other fashionable topics, such as pic- 
tures, taste, Shakespeare, and the musical glasses. 

20 High mates ! ye teach me purity 
And lonely thought and truth. , 

Exercise 47. In the following sentences, explain the 
case of each of the complements of the intransitive and 
passive verbals: — 

1 Being your slave, what should I do but tend 
Upon the hours and times of your desire? 

2 The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man 
knows himself to be a fool. 

3 Conceive me, if you can, 
A most polite young man. 

4 I here disallow thee to be a competent judge. 

5 This bud of love, by summer's ripening breath. 
May prove a beauteous flower when next we meet. 

6 Angling will prove to be so pleasant that it will prove 
to be like virtue, a reward in itself. 

7 He seemed to be 
Not one, but all mankind's epitome. 



88 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

8 He was accused of having been a conspirator against 
His Majesty's Government. 

9 Macaulay says that Johnson had the singular destiny 
of being considered a classic in his own age, and a com- 
panion in ours. 

10 Gray has not forfeited any of his poetic fame for 
being called by Johnson a barren rascal. 

11 At thirty, man suspects himself a fool; 
Knows it at forty, and reforms his plan. 

12 He must have taken a great deal of pains to becom.e 
such an extraordinary dullard. 

13 Let Nature be your teacher. 

14 I judged it to be sugar-candy; yet to my raised 
imagination, divested of its homelier qualities, it appeared 
a glorified candy. 

15 Let our object be our country, our whole country, 
and nothing but our country. 

Exercise 48. In the following sentences, find the 
nouns in the possessive case, and tell the number of 
each : — 

1 Ah, when shall all men's good 
Be each man's rule! 

2 My only books 
Were woman's looks, 

And folly's all they've taught me. 

3 Queen Mary's saying serves for me — 

(When Fortune's malice 
Lost her Calais). 

4 I read, dear friend, in your dear face 
Your life's tale told with perfect grace. 

5 At mankind's feast I take my place. 

6 Who is worse shod than the shoemaker's wife? 

7 His helmet now shall make a hive for bees, 
And lovers' songs be turned to holy psalms; 
A man-at-arms must now serve on his knees, 
And feed on prayers, wliich are old age's alms. 



THE NOUN 89 

8 Men's evil manners live in brass; their virtues 
We write in water. 

9 In them Nature's copy's not eterne. 

10 Shakespeare is not our poet, but the world's. 

11 The silent organ loudest chants 
The master's requiem. 

12 The litanies of nations came, 

Like the volcano's tongue of flame, 
Up from the burning core below. ^ 

13 Affliction's sons are brothers in distress. 

14 This man tries to resemble Diogenes, and he does not 
resemble Diogenes' dog. 

15 Lo! I unclothe and clear 
My wishes' cloudy character. 

16 But from the mountain's grassy side 
A guiltless feast I bring. 

17 One of the divisions of Ruskin's " Sesame and 
Lilies " is entitled " Of Queens' Gardens." 

18 Low, like another's, lies the laureled head. 

19 What's your boy's name, good wife? 

20 Thy sons' inheritance is thine to guard. 

Exercise 49. Explain the case of each of the nouns 
in the following sentences: — 

1 We left behind the painted buoy 
That tosses at the harbor-mouth. 

And madly danced our hearts with joy. 
As fast we fleeted to the South. 

2 Of old sat Freedom on the heights. 
The thunders breaking at her feet. 

3 And all our yesterdays have lighted fools 
The way to dusty death. 

4 Dip down upon the northern shore, 
sweet new-year, delaying long ! 

5 Sea-King's daughter from over the sea, 

Alexandra ! 



90 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAE - 

Saxon and Norman and Dane are we, 

But all of "US Danes in our welcome of thee. 

6 In his young days he had sent Fox a copy of the 
Lyrical Ballads, with a long letter indicating his sense of 
Fox's great and generous qualities. 

7 For errors of ignorance, haste, execution, 
From you, his descendant, I ask absolution. 

8 Mary, go and call the cattle home. 

9 One thorn of experience is worth a whole wilderness 
of warning. 

10 Are there not, dear Michal, 
Two points in the adventure of the diver, — 
One, when, a beggar, he prepares to plunge; 
One, when, a prince, he rises with his pearl ? 

11 Just my vengeance complete, 
The man sprang to his feet. 

12 Let not woman's weapons, water-drops. 
Stain my man's cheeks. 

13 Match me that marvel, save in Eastern clime, 
A rose-red city, half as old as time. 

14 The " Etruria," outdoing even the expectations which 
had been formed of her, rushed along, four hundred miles 
a day. 

15 Wolsey has been called the greatest statesman ever 
produced by England. 

16 To make this earth, our hermitage, 
A cheerful and a changeful page, 
God's bright and intricate device 
Of days and seasons doth suffice. 

17 The untented Kosmos my abode, 
I pass, a willful stranger. 

18 Wake from thy nest, robin red-breast! 

Sing, birds, in every furrow! 
And from each bill let music shrill 
Give my fair love good-morrow. 

19 Let God be the judge between you and me. 



THE NOUN 91 

20 So Aulus was Dictator, 
The man of seventy fights; 
He made ^butius Elva 
His Master of the Knights. 

21 All the seasons run their race 
In this quiet resting-place. 

22 Count each affliction, whether light or grave, 
God's messenger sent down to thee. 

23 High in his stirrups stood the King ^ 
And gave his battle-ax the swing. 

2-i Already scattered o'er the plain, 

Eeproof, command, and counsel vain, 
The rearward squadrons fled amain, 
Or made but doubtful stay. 

25 Maiden! a nameless life I lead, 
A nameless death I'll die. 

26 Now one morn, land appeared — a speck 
Dim trembling betwixt earth and sky. 

27 According to Dr. Johnson, to be a good hater was 
to possess an admirable quality. 

28 Full fathom five thy father lies. 

29 Now toil'd the Bruce, the battle done. 
To use his conquest boldly won. 

30 Late lies the wintry sun a-bed, 

A frosty, fiery sleepy-head; 
Blinks but an hour or two; and then, 
A blood-red orange, sets again. 

74. The Parsing of the Noun should include the 
following points: (1) Class: whether common, proper, 
etc., (2) Person, (3) Number, (4) Gender, (5) Con- 
struction or Syntax: case of the noun and the reason 
for the case. 

Note : Nouns of address are in the Second Person, since 
they represent the person spoken to. Other nouns name 



92 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

the person or thing spoken of and are therefore in the 
Third Person (79). 

Example : — The day is cold, and dark, and dreary. 

Day is a common noun, of the third person, singular 
number, and neuter gender. It is in the nominative case, 
subject of the verb is. 

Exercise 50. Par^se according to the model given 
above the nouns in Exercises 47 and 49. 

75. Noun Phrases are Infinitive or Gerund Phrases 
(46), (55). 

Note: Noun Phrases may be: (1) Subject; (2) Object; 
(3) Predicate o Noun; (4) Appositive; (5) Object of a 
Preposition. 

Exercise 51. In the following sentences^ find the noun 
phrases and tell which use of the noun each phrase 
has: — 

1 Is it so hard to die in the glory and fury of fight? 

2 The Puritans held it a duty to labor. 

3 Graciously to permit others to be great is a sign of 
greatness in a king. 

4 The average man has been told what to think and 
why to think it. 

5 Oh, let us still the secret joy partake, 
To follow virtue e'en for virtue's sake. 

6 None can choose to stay at home. 

7 Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive; 
But to be young was very heaven ! 

8 Under the poor-laws depicted in " Oliver Twist," 
supplementing wages from the rates was forbidden. 

9 The ceaseless desire of every public man is to know 
the direction of public opinion. 



THE NOUN 93 

10 To execute laws is a royal office; to execute orders 
is not to be a king. 

11 Obeying the majority is both a necessity and a duty 
under a free government. 

12 At present the chief aim of American reformers is 
to keep minor administrative offices out of politics. 

13 To be a well-favored man is the gift of fortune; 
but to write and read comes by nature. 

14 How dull it is to pause, to make an end, 
To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use. 

15 Dr. Johnson said that no man but a blockhead ever 
wrote except for money. 

16 Striving to sing glad songs I but attain 

Wild discords sadder than Grief's saddest tune. 

17 A mighty pain to love it is, 
And 'tis a pain that pain to miss. 

18 Aspiring to be angels, men rebel. 

19 I will instruct my sorrows to be proud. 

20 He doth nothing but talk of his horse. 

76. Noun Clauses may be used as: (1) the Subject; 

(2) the Appositive ; (3) the Object of a Preposition. 
These three uses, with the two already explained (64), 
make the five uses of Noun Clauses : as, 

1 That thou art hlamed shall not be thy defect. 

2 Many critics hold the belief that Sir Philip Francis 
wrote the '^Letters of Junius/' 

3 I shiver. Spirit fierce and bold. 
At thought of what I now hehold. 

Note l:,Noun Clauses may be introduced by the follow- 
ing words: (1) the Introductory Subordinate Conjunction, 
that; (2) the Interrogative Pronouns, who, 'which, what; 

(3) the Interrogative Adjectives, which, what; (4) the 
Indefinite Relatives (87), whoever, whichever, whatever, 
etc.; (5) the Interrogative Adverbs, when, where, whence. 



94 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

how, why; (6) if, whether, and a few other words com- 
monly used as Conjunctions. 

Note 2 : After the verbs remind, convince, assure, and 

some others, it is necessary to supply the phrase of this, 

and make the Noun Clause an Appositive of this: as, 

" Lives of great men all remind us 

We can make our lives suhlime." 

Exercise 52. In the following sentences, find the 
noun clauses and tell in each case whether the clause is 
used as the subject, the object of a preposition, or an 
appositive : — 

1 And Percy's shout was fainter heard, 
" My merry men, fight on ! '' 

2 Aulus with his good broadsword 

A bloody passage cleared 
To where, amidst the thickest foes. 
He saw the long white beard. 

3 How swift the happy days in Atri sped. 

What wrongs were righted, need not here be said. 

4 The charge against the Constitution that it endan- 
gered State rights evoked much alarm. 

5 " Now we must educate our masters,'' was the re- 
mark made by an English statesman after the passage of 
the franchise bill of 1867. 

6 Therefore this one prayer I breathe, — 
That you yet may worthy prove. 

7 That steam could be applied to navigation was rec- 
ognized by some forgotten genius in the sixteenth century. 

8 The conviction that reform must begin with the 
representation of the people was borne in upon the French 
patriots of 1840. 

9 It was in the early years of the century that the 
employment of children began to assume dimensions of 
national importance. 



THE NOUN 95 

10 What then remains but that we still should cry 
For being born, and being born to die? 

11 And spite of pride, in erring reason's spite, 
One truth is clear : Whatever is, is right. 

12 For Time will teach thee soon the truth. 
There are no birds in last year's nest. 

13 Each soldier's eye shall brightly turn 
To where thy sky-born glories burn. 

IJ: We may congratulate ourselves thai^ we have es- 
caped the possibility of another edition of the Wars of the 
Roses. 

15 Consider this — 
That in the course of justice none of us 
Should see salvation. 

16 That he held it sincerely need not be doubted. 

17 The best of what we do and are. 

Just God ! forgive. 

18 He may assure himself that it ought to create only 
evil. 

Exercise 53. In the folloiving sentences, find the noun 
clauses and tell how each is used: — 

1 How do I know what is greatest, 
How do I know what is least ? 

2 Then it chanced in a nobleman's palace 
That a necklace of pearls was lost. 

3 The Minister replied that reasons of state would not 
allow him to answer the question of the honorable member. 

4 But oh ! the very reason why 

I clasp them is because they die. 

5 The popular belief at Eome seems to have been that 
the event of the great day of Regillus was decided by su- 
pernatural agency. 

6 This is truth the poet sings — 

That a sorrow's crown of sorrow is remembering 
happier things. 



96 EXEKCISES IN GEAMMAR 

7 Under a republican government, the presumption is 
that the choice of officials represents the will of the people. 

8 We are to be congratulated that dueling has ceased. 

9 They say you are a melancholy fellow. 

10 And how, or why, or where we met 
I own to me's a secret yet. 

11 A glance at the map of Virginia shows to what a 
remarkable degree it is intersected by navigable rivers. 

12 The colonial theory in England in the last century 
was that the colonies existed only by favor of the mother- 
country. 

13 The saying that honesty is the best policy is one of 
Franklin's most characteristic utterances. 

14 And it must follow, as the night the day. 
Thou canst not then be false to any man. 

15 King James's men shall understand what Cornish 

lads can do. 

16 It may be that the gulfs will wash us down; 
It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles. 

17 With tongues all sweet and low 

Like a pleasant rhyme, 
They tell how much I owe • 
To thee and Time! 

18 " Purblind men have discoursed well of sight," quoth 
Sir Thomas Browne. 

19 That the very edifice of a cathedral should be im- 
bued with symbol need cause the cold critic no wonder. 

20 Ask me why I send you here 
This firstling of the infant year. 

21 The mighty master smiled to see 
That love was in the next degree. 

22 The certain and essential thing is that somewhere 
we should have spied a spiritual fire, approached it, and at 
it warmed our souls. 

23 Mr. Titmouse looked up from the Memoirs, sud- 
denly conscious that the attendant was scanning him in 
wonder. 



THE NOUN 97 

24 " Well done ! " cried Francis ; " bravely done ! " and 

he rose from where he sat : 
" No love," quoth he, " but vanity, sets love a task 
like that ! " 

25 And, little Butterfly, indeed, 

I know not if you sleep or feed. 

26 Nor from that hour could anything be guessed, 
But that she w^as not ! 

27 And this be our motto, " In God is our trust ! " 

28 I see how those that sit aloft 
Mishap doth threaten most of all. 

29 He gave the tar a piece of gold, 

And with a flag of truce commanded 
He should be shipped to England old. 
And safely landed. 

30 'Twere long to tell what steeds gave o'er. 

77. Complex Sentences containing Noun Clauses 

used as (1) Subjects, (2) Appositives, and (3) Objects 
of Prepositions, are analyzed as follows: — 

Example 1 : — That you have wronged me doth appear in 
this. 

Complex Declarative Sentence. 

( Subject, That you have wronged me (noun clause) 

\ Predicate Verb, doth appear 

' Modifier of Verb, in this (adverbial phrase) 

,^ ^1 f Subject, you 

Noun Clause, -n j- x ^r i 7 

^, , ^ ,1 Predicate Verb, have 

That you have wronged me j -, 

• X 1 T 1 ^1 ^ , 1 i wronged 

introduced by that (sub- 1 >^ r ■ /jj. 

J. . -; ,. \ Complement, me (direct 

ordinate conjunction) h i\ 

Example 2 : — It entereth not his thoughts 

That God heareth the sufferer s groan. 



98 



EXEECISES IN GRAMMAR 

Complex Declarative Sentence. 



r Subject, It 



Principal Proposition, J Predicate Verb, entereth 
It entereth not his thoughts i Complement, thoughts (di- 

[ rect object) 
( Modifier of Predicate, not (adverb) 
•j Modifier of Complement, his (adjective modifier) 
( Xoun Clause in Apposition with Subject, that . . . groan 



Noun Clause in Apposition, 
that God heareth the suf- 
ferer s groan introduced < 
by that (subordinate con 
junction) 



Subject, God 
Predicate Verb, heareth 
Complement, groan (direct 

object) 
Modifiers of Complement, 

sufferers, the (adjective 

modifiers) 



Example 3 : — Guide my lonely way 

To where yon taper cheers the vale. 

Complex Declarative Sentence. 



Subject, you (understood) 
Predicate Verb, guide 
Complement, way (direct 
object) 

Modifiers of Complement, 
my, lonely (adjective 
modifiers) 

To . . . vale is an ad- 
verbial modifier of way 
consisting of the preposi- 
tion to and its object the 
noun clause, where . . . 
vale 



Principal Proposition, 
Guide my lonely way 



THE XOUN 



99 



Noun Clause, 

where yon taper cheers the 

vale 

introduced by adverb 

where 



Subject, taper 
Predicate Verb, cheers 
Complement, vale (direct 
object) 
Modifier of Subject, yon 
Modifier of Verb, where 
Modifier of Complement, the 



Exercise 54. Analyze according to the 'models given 
in (65) and (77) the sentences in Exercise 53. 



CHAPTER V 
THE PKON^OU:^' 

78. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a N"oun. 
Pronouns may be classified as (1) Personal, (2) 
Interrogative, (3) Relative, (4) Adjective. 

79. Personal Pronouns are of the First Person 
when they represent the speaker ; of the Second Person 
when they represent the person spoken to; and of the 
Third Person when they represent a person or thing 
spoken of. The forms are as follows: — 



FIRST PERSON" 


SECOND 


PERSON 


THIRD PERSON 






Singular 


Number 








Poetic Form 


Common Form 


Mascu- Femi- Neu- 
line nine ter 


NOM. I 




thou 


you 


he she it 


Poss. my, 


mine 


thy, thine 


your, yours 


his her, hers its 


Obj. me 




thee 


you 


him her it 






Plural Number 




NoM. we 




ye 


you 


they 


Poss. our, 


ours 


your, yours 


your, yours 


their, theirs 


Obj. us 




you 


you 


them 



80. The Case constructions of Personal Pronouns 
are the same as those of Nouns, and the Parsing 
follows the same forms (74). 

100 



THE PKONOUN 101 

Exercise 55. In the following sentences, find the 
personal pronouns and parse them, giving in each case 
the person, number, gender, and syntax or case con- 
struction: — 

1 Life! I know not what thou art. 
But know that thou and I must part; 
And when or how or where we met^ 
I own to me's a secret yet. 

2 The victor stood beside the spoil, and by the grinning 

dead: 
" The land is ours, the foe is ours, now rest, my men," 

he said. 
But while he spoke there came a band of footsore, 

panting men : 
^^ The latest prisoner, my lord, we took him in the 

glen. 
And left behind dead hostages that we would come 

again." 

3 'Tis the voice of a sluggard; I heard him complain, 

" You have waked me too soon ; I must slumber 

again"; 
As the door on its hinges, so he on his bed 
Turns his sides, and his shoulders, and his heavy 

head. 

4 Fair daffodils, we weep to see 

You haste away so soon; 
As yet the early-rising sun 
Has not attained his noon. 

5 They say that in his prime, 
Ere the pruning-knife of Time 

Cut him down, 
Not a better man was found 
By the crier in his round 

Through the town. 

6 " Well," cried he, " Emperor, by God's grace, 

We've got you Eatisbon! 



102 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

The Marshal's in the market-place, 

And you'll be there anon 
To see your flag-bird flap his vans 

Where I, to heart's desire, 
Perch'd him ! " The chief's eye flash'd ; his plans 

Soar'd up again like fire. 

7 Blackbird, sing me something well : 
While all the neighbors shoot thee round, 
I keep smooth plats of fruitful ground. 
Where thou may'st warble, eat, and dwell. 

8 We say our hearts are great, and cannot yield; 
Because they cannot yield, it proves them poor, 

9 Thou Child of Joy, 

Shout round me, let me hear thy shouts, thou happy 
shepherd-boy ! 
10 Yet, my friend, I will not have thee die. 
Ask me no more, lest I should bid thee live. 

81. Compound Personal Pronouns end in self or 
selves, and have two uses: (1) for Emphasis, in appo- 
sition with a noun or pronoun either Nominative or 
Objective; (2) as Reflexive Object of a verb or prep- 
osition, denoting the same person or thing as the sub- 
ject: as, 

1 To the worker God himself lends aid. 

2 Suit thyself to the estate in which thy lot is cast. 

Exercise 56. In the following sentences, give the case 
of each of the compound personal pronouns and tell 
whether the use is reflexive or emphatic: — 

1 Himself from God he could not free. 

2 I had as lief not be as live to be 
In awe of such a thing as I myself. 

3 Things bad begun make strong themselves by ill. 



THE PEONOUN 103 

4 Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied. 

5 He knew 
Himself to sing and build the lofty rhymes. 

6 All our knowledge is ourselves to know. 

7 It is an attribute to God himself. 

8 And but for these vile guns 
He would himself have been a soldier, 

9 Seldom he smiles^ and smiles in such a sort 
As if he mock'd himself. ' 

10 Not heaven itself upon the past has power. 

11 To know my deed 
'Twere best not know myself. 

12 You yourself 
Are much condemn'd to have an itching palm. 

13 Do not, as some ungracious pastors do, 
Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven 
Whiles, like a puff 'd and reckless libertine. 
Himself the thorny path of dalliance treads. 

14 No man can produce great things who is not thor- 
oughly sincere in dealing with himself. 

15 But he who bears a dark soul and foul thoughts 
Benighted walks under the midday sun; 
Himself is his own dungeon. 

16 The music stopped, and I stood still. 
And found myself outside the hill. 

17 These men, in saving their native land, clad them- 
selves in the dust of darkness. 

18 All by myself I have to go. 
With none to tell me what to do. 

19 For wherever they're lying, in cupboard or shelf, 
'Tis he will take care of your playthings himself. 

20 He found a stable for his steed, 
And welcome for himself, and dinner. 

82. The Possessives mine, ours, thine, yours, hers, 
theirs, and sometimes his, are equivalent to a noun 
with a possessive modifier. They are called Absolute 



104 EXERCISES IN GEAMMAR 

Possessives, and may be in the N'ominative Case as 
subject or predicate noun, or in the Objective Case 
as object of a verb or preposition: as, 

1 The doctrine is not mine. 

2 My lord, I have remembrances of yours. 

Note : In poetry, mine and thine are used as ordinary 
possessives before a noun beginning with a vowel: as, 
''Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the 
Lord." 

Exercise 57. In the following exercise, find the ahso- 
lute possessive pronouns and explain the case of each : — 

1 This relative of mine, 
Was she seventy and nine 
When she died? 

2 What's mine is yours and what is yours is mine. 

3 I'd crowns resign to call her mine. 

4 My lord, I have remembrances of yours. 
That I have long longed to re-deliver. 

5 Presume not on thy heart when mine is slain; 
Thou gav'st me mine, not to give back again. 

6 It is not yours, mother, to complain. 

7 This toil of ours should be a work of thine. 

8 Fear not 3^et 
To take upon you what is yours. 

9 The blood-bolter'd Banquo smiles on me 
And points at them for his. 

10 Make the others follow mine. 

11 God, I fear thy justice will take hold 

On me, and you, and mine, and yours for this. 

12 The peace of heaven is theirs. 

13 That close aspect of his 
Does show the mood of a much troubled breast. 



THE PRONOUN 105 

14 I cry thee mercy ; 
There is thy purse to cure that blow of thine. 

15 The effect of my intent is to cross theirs. 

16 The better days of life were ours; 

The worse can be but mine. 

17 This one is hers, and this — 
The marble next it — his. 

18 Yea, by this precious sign, 

Shall sleep most sweet be mine. ' 

19 Theirs not to reason why; . 
Theirs but to do and die. 

20 Only the perfect hour is mine to know. 

83. An Interrogative Pronoun is a pronoun used 
to ask a question. The Interrogative Pronouns are: 
(1) who? (2) which? (3) what? 

Note : Who has whose in the Possessive and whom in the 
Objective in both Singular and Plural, Which and what 
are not declined. 

84. An Interrogative Pronoun may be part of a 
Direct Question giving the exact words of the speaker, 
or part of an Indirect Question which represents the 
words of the speaker, sometimes with changes either 
in the words themselves or in the position of the words : 
as, 



1 Which of you hath done this? 

2 Tell me who sail the seas? 

Note 1 : The Indirect Question is always a Subordinate 
Clause depending on a verb of asking, demanding, etc. 

Note 2 : The Parsing of the Interrogative Pronoun has 
the same forms as that of the noun (74). 

Exercise 58. In the following sentences^ find the 
interrogative pronouns and explain the case of each: — 



106 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

1 WHio is Sylvia? what is she, 
That all our swains commend her ? 

2 Which of you looks for a service free? 

3 And what have kings, that privates have not too? 

4 What shall my gift be to the dead one lying 
Wrapt in the mantle of her mother earth? 

5 Who is he that cometh, like an honored guest? 

6 Oh, who is that who moans without? 

7 What's your boy's name, good wife. 
And in what good ship sail'd he? 

8 Ship, to the roadstead rolled, 
What dost thou? 

9 Who art thou, so fast adrift? 

10 Which is the properest day to drink? 

Saturday, Sunday, Monday? 

11 What is the word that, over and over. 
Sings the scythe to the flowers and grass? 

12 England ! what shall men say of thee, 
Before whose feet the lands divide? 

13 " What are the bugles blowin' for ? " said Files-on- 

Parade. 

14 stranger, ask not whose grave I am! 

15 What's done we partly may compute, 
But know not what's resisted. 

16 I am His Highness' dog at Kew; 
Pray tell me, sir, whose dog are you? 

17 For myself I'm in hopeless doubt 

As to why we were there, who on earth we were, 
And what this is all about. 

18 What's Yarrow but a river bare? 

19 But which was she, brunette or blonde? 

20 I know not of what we ponder'd. 

85. A Pronoun which refers to a preceding noun 
or pronoun, called the Antecedent, and also connects 
a subordinate clause with the Antecedent, is a Relative 



THE PRONOUN . 107 

Pronoun. The Kelative Pronouns are: (1) Who, 
(2) Which, (3) What, (4) That, (5) As, 

Note 1: Who is declined like the Interrogative (83); 
which has whose in the Possessive and which in the Ob- 
jective in both Singular and Plural. The other pronouns 
are indeclinable. 

Note 2 : The Pronouns formed by adding ever and 
soever to the forms of who, which, and what are called 
Compound Relative Pronouns. 

Note 3 : ^5 is a Relative Pronoun after same and such, 
and occasionally (117) with a clause as its Antecedent: 
as, " Unto bad causes swear such creatures as men doubt." 
But is sometimes equivalent to that not or who not: as, 
" I never knew another man on earth 
But had some joy and solace in his life." 

Exercise 59. In the following sentences, find the rela- 
tive pronouns and the antecedent 'to ivhich each re- 
lates: — 

1 He makes no friend that never made a foe. 

2 The long-remember'd beggar was his guest, 
Whose beard, descending, swept his aged breast. 

3 "'Tis some poor fellow's skull," said he, 
" AATio fell in the great victory." 

4 Nature is but the name for an effect 
Of which the cause is God. 

5 They change their skies above them, 
But not their hearts that roam. 

6 My never-failing friends are they. 
With whom I converse day by day. 

7 An elective system was introduced into Harvard and 
other colleges whose principles were diametrically opposed 
to those which had formerly prevailed. 

8 And will your mother pity me, 
Who am a maiden most forlorn? 



108 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

9 And they were stronger hands than mine 
That digg'd the ruby from the earth. 

10 Three were in a dungeon cast 

Of whom this wreck is left the last. 

11 'Tis not the grapes of Canaan that repay. 
But the high faith that failed not by the way. 

12 A street there is in Paris famous 

For which no rhyme our language yields. 

13 Too low they build who build beneath the stars. 

14 We would not die in that man's company 
That fears his fellowship to die with us. 

15 The south wind searches for the flowers, 

"VAHiose fragrance late he bore, 
And sighs to find them in the wood 
And by the stream no more. 

16 That orbed maiden with white fire laden 
Whom mortals call the moon. 

Glides glimmering o'er my fleece-like floor 
By the midnight breezes strewn. 

17 Happy the man whose wish and care 
A few paternal acres bound. 

18 And that they know full well 
That gave me public leave to speak of him. 

19 He would be a rash man who should say he under- 
stood Abraham Lincoln. 

20 And some will dance an age or so 
Who came for half a minute. 

21 They follow an adventurer whom they fear and obey 
a power which they hate. 

22 The parson came, a man austere 

The instinct of whose nature was to kill. 

23 He is the freeman whom the truth makes free. 

24 Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth. 

25 Know you no song, the true growth of your soil, 
That gives the manners of your countrywomen? 

26 The bells cannot ring it, but long years, bring it! 
Such as I wish it to be. 



THE PROlSrOUN 109 

27 That indulgent view of mankind which I have al- 
ready mentioned is strengthened by this wish to get 
amusement out of everything. 

28 The notice which you have been pleased to take of 
my labors, had it been early, had been kind. 

29 Let me have men about me that are fat; 
Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep o' nights. 

30 There breathes not any clansman of thy line 
But would have given his life for thitie. 

86. The Relative Pronoun what takes the place of 
a relative with a Neuter Antecedent and is equivalent 
to the thing which. The Relatives who, ivhich, that, 
and as connect Adjective Clauses relating to the Ante- 
cedent (85), while what introduces Noun Clauses: as, 

What he has he gives. 

Note : Some grammarians make what equivalent to that 
which, using that as the Antecedent in the principal propo- 
sition and which as the Connective of the subordinate 
adjective clause. 

87. The Compound Relative Pronouns, whoever, 
whoso, whichever, whatever, etc., have, like what (86), 
the functions of both Antecedent and Relative. They 
are called Indefinite Relative Pronouns and introduce 
Noun Clauses. 

Note: Who, which, and what when used in the sense of 
whoever, whichever, and whatever are Indefinite Eelatives 
and introduce Noun Clauses : as, '' Who steals my purse 
steals trash." 

Exercise 60. In the followdng sentences, explain the 
use of each of the noun clauses introduced hy the rela- 
tive what or hy an indefinite relative pronoun: — 



110 EXEECISES m GEAMMAE 

1 Whatever is calculated to affect the imagination with 
these commanding ideas must have the same power over 
all men. 

2 Wlioso loveth wisdom rejoiceth his father. 

3 I dare do all that may become a man; 
Who dares do more, is none. 

4 Careless we heard what now I hear — 
The wild blast sighing deep and drear. 

5 Whom the gods love, die young. 

6 The board was expected to make itself thoroughly 
acquainted with whatever concerned the colonies. 

7 Nothing is 
But what is not. 

8 Whoe'er has traveled life's dull round, 
Where'er his stages may have been. 
May sigh to think he still has found 
The warmest welcome at an inn. 

9 For forms of government let fools contest; 
Whate'er is best administered is best. 

10 Who combats bravely is not therefore brave. 

11 We are distracted by what we know. 
13 Whoso diggeth a pit shall fall therein. 

13 We are more sensible of what is done against cus- 
tom than against Nature. 

14 Who drives the horses of the sun 
Shall lord it but a day. 

15 Whoever is in a hurry shows that the thing he is 
about is too big for him. 

16 Who gives himself with his alms feeds- three. 
Himself, his hungering neighbor, and me. 

17 Whatever pleases you in others will in general 
please them in you. 

18 Macaulay said of Horace Walpole that whatever 
was little seemed to him great and whatever was great 
seemed to him little. 



THE PEONOUN 111 

19 What is excellent, 

As God lives, is permanent. 

20 No man can lose what he never had. 

88. The Relative Pronoun is often omitted when 
it is the Object'of a vQ];b or of a preposition: as, 

1 Send fortli'^the best'^[that] ye breed. 

2 This a heart [that] the Queen leant on. 

Exercise 61.,. In tJie following sentences, supply the 
omitted relatives and tell the case of each: — 

1 We tread the paths their feet have worn. 

2 The ground I walked on felt like air. 

3 Those cobwebs we spun with 

Are beaded with dew. 

4 AAHiere are the secrets it knew? 

5 The road she chose to-day was run 

A hundred years ago. 

6 Sad are the songs we sing, 

Tears that we shed. 
Empty the gifts we bring. 
Gifts to the dead. 

7 The lark above our heads doth know 
A heaven we see not here below. 

8 I am going a long way 
With these thou seest. 

9 Who help'd me to gold I spent since? 

10 This is a spray the bird clung to. 
Making it blossom with pleasure. 

11 But the words she uttered that day 
Nor fire could burn nor water drown. 

12 And the names he loved to hear 
Have been carved for many a year ■ 

On the tomb. 

13 Damsel, is this he. 
The champion thou hast brought from Arthur's hall? 



112 EXEECISES IN GEAMMAR 

11 How fading are the joys we dote upon! 

15 He is a brave discoverer of climes his elders do not 
know. 

16 And she I cherished turned her wheel 

Beside an English fire. 

17 Eegions Caesar never knew 

Thy posterity shall sway. 

18 Strange to me now are the forms I meet 

When I visit the dear old town. 

19 The wind has a language I would I could learn. 

20 We better love the hardy gift 
Our rugged vales bestow. 

89. The Parsing of the Relative Pronoun should 
include the following points: (1) Class: whether simple 
or compound; (2) Agreement with the Antecedent in 
person, number, and gender; (3) Construction or Syn- 
tax: case, which depends on whether the pronoun acts 
as subject, object, or possessive modifier in the sub- 
ordinate clause. 

Example: — He needs no aid who doth his lady's will. 

Who is a simple relative pronoun, agreeing with its 
antecedent He in third person, singular number, mascu- 
line gender. It is in the nominative case, subject of the 
verb doth. 

Note: That is always a Relative Pronoun when some 
form of who or which can be substituted for it. 

Exercise 62. Parse in accordance with the model 
given above the relative pronouns in Exercise 59. 

90. The uses of what as a Pronoun may be sum- 
marized as follows: (1) Interrogative in a direct ques- 
tion; (2) Interrogative in an indirect question (84); 



THE PEONOUN 113 

(3) Kelative, equivalent to the thing which (86) ; In- 
definite Relative, equivalent to whatever (87). In all 
except the first use, what introduces Noun Clauses: as, 

1 What are the wild waves saying? 

2 And then they asked what we had won. 

3 What can't he cured must be endured. 

4 Let us do what we can with courage and resolution. 

Note : What may be used as an Adverb with Inter- 
rogative force : as, " Ah, what avails the sceptred race ? " 

Exercise 63. Explain the use of what in each of the 
following sentences: — 

1 What did the other children do, 

And what were childhood, wanting you? 

2 What's come to perfection perishes. 

3 What will it help you that once you were strong? 

4 'Tis not what man does which exalts him, but what 
man would do. 

5 Had what they sang and drew more worth? 

6 What are these so withered and so wild in their 

attire 
That look not like the inhabitants o' the earth 
And yet are on't? 

7 The earth has drunk the vintage up; 
What boots it patch the goblet's splinters? 

8 Oh, what shall shameful peace avail? 

9 Souls to souls can never teach 
What unto themselves was taught. 

10 What's in a name? 

11 What here was kindled first — the same makes far 

Atlantis bright. 

12 Long were to tell what I have done. 

13 What can ennoble sots or slaves or cowards? 
Alas ! not all the blood of all the Howards. 



114 EXEECISES IN GRAMMAR 

14 Know'st thou what wove yon woodbird's nest 
Of leaves and feathers from her breast? 

15 What is the little one thinking about? 

16 What I aspired to be, 
And was not, comforts me. 

17 What is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole 
world and lose his own soul? 

18 What was good shall be good, with for evil so much 

good more; 
On the earth the broken arcs; in the heaven, a 
perfect round. 

19 What have I done for you? 

20 What we gave, we have; 
What we spent, we have; 
What we left, we lost. 

91. Adjective Pronouns are words which may be 
either Adjectives or Pronouns, according to their use. 
As Adjectives, they modify nouns (94) ; as Pronouns 
they stand instead of nouns. Adjective Pronouns are 
divided into three classes: (1) Demonstratives, (2) 
Distributives, (3) Indefinites. 

Note 1: The Demonstrative Pronouns are this, that, 
these, those, the former, the latter, the same, such: as, 
'' This was the noblest Roman of them all ! " 

Note 2 : The Distributive Pronouns are each, either, and 
neither. 

Note 3 : The chief Indefinite Pronouns are some, any, 
aught, other, another, several, all, one, none, few, many. 

Note 4 : The Pronoun one has a Possessive, one's, and a 
Plural, ones; other has a Possessive, other s, and a Plural, 
others; another has a Possessive, anothei''s. 

Note 5: Each other, no other, one another are usually 
parsed as Compound Indefinite Pronouns. 



THE PEONOUN 115 

Exercise 64. Find the adjective pronouns in the 
folloiving sentences and tell the class of each: — 

1 That's the tale. 

2 Few, few shall part where many meet. 

3 This grew; I gave commands. 

4 If such there breathe, go, mark him well ! 

5 These are thy glorious works, Parent of Good. 

6 For many are called, but few are chosen. 

7 All are scattered now and fled; 
Some are married, some are dead. 

8 Lepidus flatters both, 

Of both is flatter'd; but he neither loves, 
Nor either cares for him. 

9 And both thy brethren are in Arthur's court. 
Albeit neither lov'd with that full love 

I feel for thee. 

10 A bad author deserves better ^ usage than a bad 
critic; a man may be the former merely through the mis- 
fortune of want of judgment, but he cannot be the latter 
without both that and an ill temper. 

11 Some there be that shadows kiss; 
Such have but a shadow's bliss. 

12 But all have prices, 

From crowns to kicks, according to their vices. 

13 Some hae meat and canna eat. 
And some would eat that want it. 

14 The women pardoned all except her face. 

15 Some write their wrongs in marble. 

16 We see time's furrows on another's brow 
And death intrenched, preparing his assault. 

17 Others apart sat on a hill retired. 

18 By happy chance we saw 
A twofold image : on a grassy bank 

A snow-white ram, and in the crystal flood 
Another and the same. 



116 EXEECISES IN GRAMMAR 

19 Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words with- 
out knowledge? 

20 All that a man hath will he give for his life. 

92. The Parsing of the Adjective Pronoun should 
include the following points: (1) Class: whether de- 
monstrative, distributive, or indefinite; (2) Person; 
(3) ISTumber and Gender (determined by the noun 
which the pronoun represents) ; (4) Construction or 
Syntax: case and the reason for the case. 

Example : — Some are born great. 

Some is an indefinite adjective pronoun, of the third 
person, plural number, and masculine gender. It is in the 
nominative case, subject of the verb are. 

Exercise 65. Parse the adjective pronouns in Exer- 
cise 64. 

Exercise 66. Find the pronouns in the following 
sentences and tell in each case whether the pronoun is 
personal, interrogative, relative, or adjective: — 

1 Below lies one whose name was traced in sand; 
He died, not knowing what it was to live. 

2 But all that I could think of, in the darkness and 

the cold. 
Was just that I was leaving home and my folks were 
growing old. 

3 Some place their bliss in action, some in ease ; 
Those call it pleasure, and contentment these. 

4 He might ha' been that, and he might ha' been this; 
But they love and they hate him for what he is. 

5 end to which our currents flow. 

Inevitable sea. 
To which we flow, what do we know. 
What do we guess of thee? 



THE PRONOUN 117 

6 Here lies our good Edmund, whose genius was such, 
We scarcely can praise it or blame it too much. 

7 This is the word that year by year. 

While in her place the school is set. 
Every one of her sons must hear, 
And none that hears it dares forget. 

8 For this is he 
Was great by land as thou by sea; 
His foes were thine; he kept us free. , 

9 This is the chapel ; here, my son. 

Your father thought the thoughts of youth 
And heard the tones that one by one 
The touch of life has turned to truth. 

10 There's not the smallest orb that thou behold'st 
But in his motion like an angel sings. 

11 Two voices are there; one is of the sea. 
One of the mountains; each a mighty voice. 

12 Would I fain in my impotent yearning do all for 

this man. 
And dare doubt He alone shall not help him, who 
yet alone can? 

13 What I love best in all the world 
Is a castle, precipice-encurled. 

In a gash of the wind-grieved Apennine. 

14 Who breathes must suffer, and who thinks must 

mourn. 
And he alone is blest who ne'er was born. 

15 One woe doth tread upon another's heel. 
So fast they follow. 

16 Nothing in his life 
Became him like the leaving it; he died 
As one that had been studied in his death 
To throw away the dearest thing he owed, 
As 'twere a careless trifle. 

17 But man, proud man, 
Brest in a little brief authority. 

Most ignorant of what he's most assured. 



118 EXERCISES IN GEAMMAE 

His glassy essence, like an angry ape, 

Plays such fantastic tricks before high heaven 

As make the angels weep. 

18 Here lies one who never drew 
Blood himself, yet many slew. 

19 It is an aid fable that love is blind. But I think 
there are no eyes so sharp as those of lovers. I am sure 
there is not a shade upon Prue's brow that I do not in- 
stantly remark, nor an altered tone in her voice that I do 
not instantly observe. 

20 But none of us remember all the benefits we owe 
him ; they have come one by one, one driving out the mem- 
ory of the other : it is only when we come to examine them 
all together, as the writer has done, who has a pile of books 
on the table before him — a heap of personal kindnesses 
from George Cruikshank (not presents, if you please, for 
we bought, borrowed, or stole every one of them) — that we 
feel what we owe him. 



CHAPTER VI 

THE ADJECTIVE 

93. An Adjective is a word used to modify the 
meaning of a noun or a noun equivalent. Adjectives 
may be classified as: (1) Descriptive; (2) Demon- 
strative; (3) Indefinite; (4) Distributive; (5) Nu- 
meral; (6) Interrogative; (7) Relative. 

Note 1 : A Descri^^tive Adjective expresses some quality 
of the thing spoken of: as, "I have reached the highest 
point of all my glory." 

Note 2 : Participial Adjectives (52) and Proper Ad- 
jectives (derived from Proper Nouns) may be classified as 
Descriptive Adjectives : as, " Tennyson made the Arthurian 
legend the subject of an epic cycle." 

Note 3 : Adjectives used as complements of Intransitive 
and Passive Verbs may refer to noun clauses or phrases 
used as subjects : as, " To be weak is miserahle." 

Note 4 : The Adjectives like and near are followed by 
nouns or pronouns in the Objective Case after to under- 
stood. 

Note 5 : An Adjective preceded by the may become a 
Noun : as, " None but the hrave deserves the fair." 

Exercise , 67. In the following sentences, find the 
descriptive adjectives and tell to what each relates: — 

1 Faint and fainter sounds the flute. 

2 Yet beautiful and spacious 
The wise old world appears. 

119 



120 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAE 

3 No longer leave thy wistful flock unfed. 

4 Death, be not proud, though some have called thee 
Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so. 

5 Nothing useless is, or low. 
Each thing in its place is best. 

6 In his chamber, weak and dying, 
Was the Norman l)aron lying. 

7 Sounds of the village grow stiller and stiller. 
Stiller the notes of the birds on the hill; 
Dusty and dim are the eyes of the miller. 
Deaf are his ears with the moil of the mill. 

8 Blinking embers, tell me true. 
Where are those armies marching to, 
And what the burning city is 

That crumbles in your furnaces. 

9 There dwells a loved one. 

But cruel is she! 
She left lonely forever 
The kings of the sea. 

10 He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan. 
Without a grave, unknelFd, uncoffin'd, and unknown. 

11 August next, with cider mellow^ 
Laughs from out the poppied corn, 

12 How sweet it were, hearing the downward stream, 
With half-shut eyes ever to seem 

Falling asleep in a half-dream. 

13 With pipe and flute the rustic Pan 
Of old made music sweet for man. 

14 For there was Milton like a seraph strong, 
Beside him Shakespeare bland and mild; 

And there the world-worn Dante grasp'd his song. 
And somewhat grimly smiled. 
And there the Ionian father of the rest; 
A million wrinkles carved his skin. 

15 Heaven's ebon vault. 
Studded with stars unutterably bright, 



THE ADJECTIVE 121 

Through which the moon's unclouded grandeur rolls, 
Seems like a canopy Avhich heaven has spread 
To curtain her sleeping world. 

16 If the above account be correct, the tyranny of the 
majority is no longer a blemish on the American system, 
and the charges brought against democracy from the sup- 
posed example of America are groundless. 

17 Under the stone you behold, 
Buried, and coffm'd, and cold, > 
Lieth Sir Wilfrid the bold. 

18 Poor, reckless, rude, low-born, untaught, 

Bewilder'd and alone, 
A heart with English instinct fraught 
He yet can call his own, 

19 On her cheek an autumn flush 

Deeply ripen'd; — such a blush 
In the midst of brown was born. 
Like red poppies grown with corn. 

20 Mild is the parting year, and sweet 

The odor of the falling spray; 
Life passes on more rudely fleet. 
And balmless is its closing day. 

94. Demonstrative, Indefinite, and Distributive 
Adjectives have the forms of the corresponding classes 
of Pronouns, but are used with JN'ouns, to modify their 
meaning: as, 

And be these juggling fiends no more believed ! 

Note 1 : Every and no are used as Adjectives only; none 
is always a Pronoun. 

Note 2 : Numeral Adjectives denote number and are 
classitied as: (1) Cardinals: one, two, etc.; (2) Ordinals: 
first, second, etc. ; Multiplicatives : once, twice, etc. The 
words pair, dozen, hundred, thousand, and million, which 



122 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

are preceded by a and take a plural are usually parsed as 
Nouns, the preposition of being understood after them. 

Note 3 : ^Y]lich, what, whichever, and whatever may be 
used as Relative Adjectives : as, " It mattered not what 
party was uppermost, the Vicar of Bray held fast to his 
living." Which and what are used as Interrogative Ad- 
jectives both in direct and in indirect questions : as^, '' What 
caf s averse to fish ? '' 

Note 4: The Articles the, and a or an, are usually parsed 
as adjectives: the is the Definite iVrticle; a or an the 
Indefinite. 

Note 5: The Adjectives this and that have, as Plurals, 
these and those respectively. 

Exercise 68. Find the adjectives in the following 
sentences and tell the class of each: — 

1 Give him another hope, to betray him to another 
punislunent. 

2 He's a present for any emperor that ever trod. 

3 All men are not alike, alas ! good neighbor. 

4 Out of this nettle, danger, we pluck the flower, safety. 

5 Those wicked creatures yet do look well-favored 

When others are more wicked. 

6 They flock together in consent like so many wild 
geese. 

7 Few pence are better than none. 

8 She will mix these pleasures up 
Like the fit wines in a cup. 

And thou shalt quaff it: — thou shaft hear 

Distant harvest-carols clear: 

Rustle of the reaped corn; 

Sweet birds antheming the morn. 

9 Every night my prayers I say, 
And get my dinner every day. 

10 Full twenty times was Peter feared, 
For once that Peter was respected. 



THE ADJECTIVE 123 

11 As I meddle with no theory, I do not absolutely as- 
sert the impracticability of such a representation. 

12 He sings several times faster than you'll tell money. 

13 Thy fate is the common fate of all; 
Into each life some rain must fall. 

14 So to the Gate of the three Queens we came, 
Where Arthur's wars are render'd mystically, 
And thence departed everyone his way. 

15 What dwarfs are men ! 

16 I'll forgive you 
Whatever torment you do put me to. 

17 'Tis not his wont to be the hindmost man, 
Whate'er occasion keeps him from us now. 

18 If I discovered not which way she was gone. 
It was my instant death. 

19 The duke knows him for no other but a poor officer 

of thine. 

20 Gillian's dead: God rest her bier! 
How I loved her twenty years syne! 

95. The Inflection (14) or change which Adjectives 
undergo to express degree is called Comparison. There 
are three degrees of Comparison: the Positive, which 
is the simple form of the Adjective; the Comparative, 
formed by adding -er or by prefixing the adverb mo7'e 
to the Positive; the Superlative, formed by adding -est 
or by prefixing the adverb most to the Positive. 

Note 1 : The following Adjectives are irregularly com- 
pared: good or well, hetter, best; bad or ill, worse, worst; 
little, less or lesser, least; much or many, more, most; old, 
older or elder, oldest or eldest; late, later or latter, latest 
or last; far, far'ther, farthest; near, nearer, nearest or next. 

Note 2 : Further, inner, outer, upper, and former have a 
Superlative, but no Positive in common use. 



124 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

Exercise 69. In the folloiving sentences, tell the 
degree of each adjective and state whether the com- 
parison is regular or irregular: — 

1 What can they see in the longest kingly line in 
Europe save that it runs back to a successful soldier? 

2 Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard 
Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes, play on. 

3 The good are better made by ill; 
As odors crushed are sweeter still. 

4 Mourn for the man of amplest influence. 
Yet clearest of ambitious crime. 

5 Why will ye spur so fast to die? 
Be wiser ere the night go by. 

6 I am just two years younger than Your Majesty's 
happy reign. 

7 " There is now less flogging in our schools than for- 
merly," said Dr. Johnson, '^ but then less is learned there." 

8 But he is risen, a later star of dawn. 

9 Here was a type of the true elder race. 

10 He adorned whatever subject he either spoke or 
wrote upon, by the most splendid eloquence. 

11 The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the 

year. 

12 The religion most prevalent in our northern col- 
onies is a refinement on the principles of resistance. 

13 'Tis you must dig with mattock and with spade. 
And pierce the inmost center of the earth. 

14 That's the worst tidings that I hear of yet. 

15 Turn up on your right hand at the next turning. 

16 I am more serious than my custom. 

17 My poor country 
Shall have more vices than it had before. 

18 Lead the way without more talking. 

19 Even in the bluest noonday of July 

There could not run the smallest breath of wind 
But all the quarter sounded like a wood. 



THE ADJECTIVE 125 

20 And he that breaks them in the least degree, 
Stands in attainder of eternal shame. 

96. The Parsing of the Adjective should include 
the following points: (1) Class: whether descriptive, 
demonstrative, etc.; (2) Comparison: whether regular 
or irregular; (3) Construction or Syntax: what noun 
or noun-equivalent the adjective modifies. 

Note: Predicate Adjectives relate to the subject; At- 
tributive Adjective Complements relate to the object (26). 

Example: — The homely beauty of the good old cause 
Is gone. 
Good is a descriptive adjective, irregularly compared: 
good, better, hest. It is used to modify the noun cause. 

Exercise 70. Parse according to the model given 
above the adjectives in Exercises 67 and 69. 

97. Each, every, either, and neither, whether used 
as Pronouns (91) or as Adjectives, are referred to by 
Pronouns in the Singular : as, 

Each thought on the woman who loved him the best. 
Note: None is generally used with a Singular Pronoun. 

Exercise 71. In the following sentences account in 
each case for the number of the personal pronouns re- 
ferring to each, either, some, few, every, none, such: — • 

1 England expects every man to do his duty. 

2 To each his sufferings, all are men. 

3 Aye, none shall nail so high his name. 

Time will not tear it down. 

4 Some lead a life unblamable and just; 
Their own dear virtue their unfailing trust. 

5 Every herring should hang by its own head. 

6 But each for the joy of the working, and each in his 

separate star, 



126 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

Shall draw the Thing as he sees it for the God of 
Things as they are. 

7 A few can touch the magic string, 

And noisy fame is proud to win them. 

8 If such there breathe, go, mark him well! 

9 Look round the habitable world; how few 
Know their own good, or, knowing it, pursue. 

10 You seem to understand me, 
By each her choppy finger laying 
Upon her skinny lips. 

11 Let every eye negotiate for itself . 
And trust no agent. 

12 All these owe their estates unto him. 

13 Limit each leader to his several charge. 

14 Every bullet has its billet. 

15 Few there are who have either had or could have 
such a loss, and yet fewer who carried their love and 
constancy beyond the grave. 

16 Each is strong, relying on his own, and each is 
betrayed when he seeks in himself the courage of others. 

17 Remember every man He made 
Is different; has his deed to do. 

18 To each they offer gifts after his will. 

19 We would be buried in a coffin, we, 
For each her own. 

20 Live while you live, the sacred preacher cries. 
And give to God each moment as it flies. 

98. Adjective Phrases may be Infinitive (47), 
Participial (52), or Prepositional in form (110). Im 
structure they may be Simple, Complex (62), or Com- 
pound (119). 

Exercise 72. In the folloiuing sentences find the 
adjective phrases and tell whether each phrase is infini- 
tive, participial, or prepositional: — 



THE ADJECTIVE 127 

1 Unfaith in aught is want of faith in all. 

2 These shall show thee treasure hid, 
Thy familiar fields amid. 

3 But is there for the night a resting-place? 

4 Shut in from all the world without. 
We sat the clean-winged hearth about. 

5 Nerve us with the courage of lost comrades. 

6 God alone has power to aid him. 

7 We have no one to blame but ourselves! 

8 Push off, and sitting well in order smite 
The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds 
To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths 
Of all the western stars, until I die. 

9 0, I see thee old and formal, fitted to thy petty part. 
With a little hoard of maxims preaching down a 

daughter's heart. 

10 Announced by all the trum^pets of the sky. 
Arrives the snow, and, driving o'er the fields. 
Seems nowhere to alight. 

11 But we have feet to scale and climb 
By slow degrees, by more and more. 
The cloudy summits of our time. 

12 Quickness of response by muscle to will is one of 
the chief aims in athletics. 

13 Through this dark and stormy night 
Faith beholds a feeble light 

Up the blackness streaking. 

14 Why, what hope or chance have ships like these 
to pass? 

15 And all I remember is, friends flocking round 

As I sat with his head 'twixt my knees on the 
ground. 

16 The first poet to praise an American flower was 
Bryant, in his musical lines on The Yellow Violet. 

17 And I knew that of all this rushing of urgent sound. 

That I so clearly heard. 



128 EXEKCISES IN GEAMMAE 

The green young forest of saplings clustered round 
Was heeding not one word. 

18 He left on whom he taught the trace 

Of kinship with the deathless dead, 
And faith in all the Island Eace. 

19 Eobert Lowell and Whittier have both sung that 
story, with its honorable mention of the Highland girl 
whose keen ear caught the sound of the Highland pipes 
before anyone else in that despairing garrison could hear 
them. 

20 There drew he forth the brand Excalibur, 
And o'er him, drawing it, the winter moon. 
Brightening the skirts of a long cloud, ran forth 
And sparkled keen with frost against the hilt. 

99. Adjective Clauses are connected with the Prin- 
cipal Propositions of complex sentences by (1) Relative 
Pronouns (85), or (2) by Conjunctive Adverbs (105). 

Note : The Conjunctive Adverbs used to connect Ad- 
jective Clauses are when, whei'e, wherein, whereon, why, 
and whence. These adverbs also modify the verb of the 
Subordinate Clause. 

Exercise 73. Find the adjective clauses in Exercise 
59 and tell ivhat word each modifies. 

Exercise 74. In the folloiving sentences, find the 
adjective clauses connected with the principal proposi- 
tions by conjunctive adverbs and tell what noun each 

modifies : — 

1 He hath returned to regions whence he came. 

2 The waves were white, and red the morn, 
In the noisy hour when I was born. 

3 We leave the well-beloved place 
Where first we gazed upon the sky. 



THE ADJECTIVE 129 

4 There the historian of the Eoman Empire thought of 
the days when Cicero pleaded the cause of Sicily against 
Verres. 

5 In Bruges town is many a street 
Whence busy life hath fled. 

6 The time had already come when Chesterfield had to 
be taken into the administration again. 

7 Below the surface of the sky 

The dark vault lies wherein we lay. 

8 And we are here as on a darkling plain 

Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, 
Where ignorant armies clash by night. 

9 In the place where the tree falleth, there it shall be. 

10 There are five reasons why men drink. 

11 'Twas the night before Christmas, when all through 

the house, 
Not a creature w^as stirring, not even a mouse. 

12 Xight is the time to weep. 
To wet with unseen tears 

Those graves of memory, where sleep 
The joys of other years. 

13 It was the time when lilies blow. 
And clouds are highest up in air. 

14 And statesmen at her council met 

Who knew the seasons when to take 
Occasion by the hand. 

15 This fellow hath broken from some Abbey, where, 
God wot, he had not beef and brewis enow. 

16 The time was now come when such men as Eobes- 
pierre were to be tried with fire. 

17 They have all fled back into the impenetrable shade 
whence they came. 

18 I have some sport in hand 
A^Tierein your cunning can assist me. 

19 Infected be the air whereon they ride ! 

20 Then came that supreme hour of the struggle, whose 
tale has been so often told, when Robespierre turned from 



130 EXEKCISES IN GRAMMAR 

his old allies of the Mountain, and succeeded in shrieking 
out an appeal to the probity and virtue of the Right and 
the Plain. 



100. Complex Sentences containing Adjective 
Clauses connected by Relative Pronouns are analyzed 
as follows: — 

Example: — Nothing is here that means you ill. 

Complex Declarative Sentence. 



Principal Proposition, 
Nothing is here 



Subject, nothing 
Predicate Verb, is 
Modifier of Subject, that 

means you ill (adjective 

clause) 
Modifier of Verb, here 



Subordmate Clause, -r. n- , ^^ , 

,. , .„ Predicate Verb, means 

that means you ilL ^ , , ' .,^ 

(Connective that, i Complements, dl (direct 

relative prononn) I °^ll^^^ ' ^^ ('"'i^'^^^t °''- 



Exercise 75. Analyze in accordance with the model 
given above the coniplex sentences in Exercises 59 a^id 
61. 

101. Complex Sentences containing Adjective 
Clauses connected by Conjunctive Adverbs are ana- 
lyzed as f ollov^s : — 

Example: — I know a bank where the ivild thyme blows. 



THE ADJECTIVE 



131 



Complex Declarative Sentence. 
Subject, I 



Principal Proposition, 
I know a hank 



Subordinate Clause, 
where the wild tliyme blows. 
(Connective where, 
conjunctive adverb) 



Predicate Verb, know 
Complement, hank (direct 

object) 
Modifiers of Complement, 

a, and where . . . Mows 

(adjective clause) 

^ Subject, thyme 

Predicate Verb, blows 
<j Modifiers of Subject, the, 
wild 

Modifier of Verb, where 



Exercise 76. Analyze in accordance with the model 
given above the sentences in Exercise 74. 



CHAPTEE yil 

THE ADVEEB 

102. An Adverb is a word used to modify a Verb, 
an Adjective, or another Adverb. Adverbs are classi- 
fied according to Use as (1) Simple, (2) Interrogative, 
and (3) Conjunctive. According to Meaning, they are 
classified as Adverbs of (1) Time, (2) Place, (3) 
Manner, (4) Degree, (5) Cause, (6) Assertion. 

Note 1 : Simple Adverbs merely modify some word in 
the sentence. Interrogative (103) and ConjiTnetive Ad- 
verbs act as modifiers, but have other uses as well (105). 

Note 2 : The Introductory Adverb there is often used 
to begin a sentence in which the subject stands after the 
predicate : as, '" There was a sound of revelry by night.^' 

Note 3 : The is sometimes used as an Adverb before 
comparatives : as, "' The more I give to thee, the more I 
have.^^ 

Note 4 : Adverbs sometimes modify Prepositional Phrases 
as a whole : as, " He came long before the time." 

Note 5 : Many expressions composed of two or more 
words may be regarded as Phrasal Adverbs : at once, now 
and then, face to face, one hy one, etc. 

Note 6 : Adverbs are compared in the same manner as 
Adjectives. Ill, ivell, much, little, near, far, and late are 
irregularly compared like the corresponding Adjectives 
(95). 

Exercise 77. In the folloiving sentences find the sim- 
ple adverbs and classify them according to meaning: — 

133 



THE ADYEEB 133 

1 Touch us genths gentle Time ! 

2 The influence of the great nations on one another 
grows always closer, and makes new national types less 
likely to appear. 

3 There is a pleasure in the pathless woods. 

4 Then loudly cried the bold Sir Bedivere, 

" Ah ! my Lord Arthur, whither shall I go ? " 

5 Pour forth and bravely do your part, 
knights of the unshielded heart! ' 
Forth and forever forward !■ — out 
From prudent turret and redoubt, 
And in the mellay charge amain, 

To fall but yet to rise again! 

6 Time brought me many a friend 

That loved me longer; 
New love was kind, but in the end 
Old love was stronger. 

7 The world is too much with us; late and soon, 
Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers. 

8 He singeth loud his godly hymns 

That he makes in the wood. 
He'll shrieve my soul, he'll wash away • 
The Albatross's blood. 

9 Only reapers, reaping early. 
In among the bearded barley. 
Hear a song that echoes cheerly 
From the river winding clearly 

Down to tower'd Camelot. 

10 There is only one cure for the evils which newly 
acquired freedom produces, and that is freedom. 

11 He was naturally extremely humorous, and humor 
in such men will show itself sometimes in playing with 
things, in the sacredness of which they may believe fully, 
notwithstanding. 

12 In their time these were doubtless costly monu- 
ments, and reckoned of a very elegant proportion by 
contemporaries. 



134 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

13 The less they deserve, the more merit is in your 
bounty. 

14 Full knee-deep lies the winter snow, 

And the winter winds are wearily sighing; 
Toll ye the church-bell sad and slow, 
And tread softly and speak low. 
For the Old Year lies a-dying. 

15 In and out through the motley rout 
That little Jackdaw kept hopping about. 

16 Now let us sing, long live the King ! 

And Gilpin, long live he! 
And when he next doth ride abroad. 
May I be there to see! 

17 The elder I wax, the better I shall appear. 

18 He is well paid that is well satisfied. 

19 Richard hath best deserved of all my sons. 

20 Life could have had of late but little charm for him. 

103. Interrogative Adverbs introduce (1) Direct, 
or (2) Indirect Questions relating to Time, Place, 
Manner, Degree, or Cause: as, 

1 Where are the great whom thou wouldst wish to 

praise thee? 

2 Tell me, thou bonny bird. 
When shall I marry me? 

Exercise 78. Fi?id the interrogative adverbs in the 
following sentences and tell in each case whether the 
advei'h introduces a direct or an indirect question: — 

1 wherefore come ye forth in triumph from the 
North? 

2 Why should he call me to-night, when he knows that 

I cannot go? 

3 How should I greet thee? 

4 Where art thou gone, light-ankled Youth? 



THE ADVERB 135 

5 You ask'd me why the poor complain, 
And these have answered tliee. 

6 Whence be the grapes of the wine-press that ye tread ? 

7 Ask me no more where Jove bestows, 
When June is past, the fading rose. 

8 Ask me no more whither doth haste 
The nightingale when May is past. 

9 I know not where His islands lift 
Their fronded palms in air. ' 

10 What, think you. Beech-tree, makes the Wind delay? 
\Y\\y comes he not at breaking of the day? 

11 How many summers, love, 

Have I been thine? 

12 Where are the pure, whom thou wouldst choose to 

love thee? 

13 Tell me how many beads there are 

In a silver chain 
Of evening rain 
Unravel'd from the tumbling main. 

14 When will return the glory of your prime? 

15 Ah, wherefore do we laugh or weep? 

16 Some ask'd me, where the rubies grew? 

17 Dreamer of dreams, born out of my due time, 
^^'^ly should I strive to set the crooked straight? 

18 Where are the snows of yester-year? 

19 "\Miy should we only toil, the roof and crown of 

things ? 

20 They tell how much I owe 

To thee and Time ! 

104. Adverbial Phrases are Infinitive (48) or 
Prepositional. They may modify (1) a Verb, (2) an 
Adjective, or (3) an Adverb: as, 

1 The sun now rose upon the right. 

2 Pleasures there are how close to pain! 

3 Too ill he rhymes to win a name. 



136 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

Exercise 79. Find the adverbial phrases in the fol- 
loiving sentences; tell in each case ivhether the phrase 
is infinitive or prepositional and state what part of 
speech it modifies: — 

1 Look not thou on beauty's charming. 

2 0, the Earl was fair to see! 

3 My days among the dead are past. 

4 I went to the window to see the sight. 

5 To my true king I offered free from stain 
Courage and faith. 

6 The king march'd forth to catch us. 

7 Where is Echo^ beheld of no man, 
Only heard on river and mere? 

8 In human nature still 

He found more good than ill. 

9 How prone to doubt, how cautious are the wise! 

10 A man he was to all the country dear. 

11 And I must work through months of toil 

And years of cultivation, 
Upon my proper patch of soil 
To grow my own plantation. 

12 Thro' many an hour of summer suns 

By many pleasant ways. 
Against its fountain upward runs 
The current of my days. 

13 God hath chosen the foolish things of the world 
to confound the wise. 

14 Be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath. 

15 Full merry am I to find my goodly knave 
Is knight and noble. 

16 During long ages the human mind did not ask it- 
self — in many parts of the world does not even now ask 
itself — questions which seem to us the most obvious. 

17 But in popular governments this distinction between 
ends and means is apt to be forgotten. 



THE ADVERB 13? 

18 A man is very apt to complain of the ingratitude 
of those who have risen far above him. 

19 Across the hills and far away 

Beyond their utmost purple rim. 
And deep into the dying day, 
- The happy princess follow'd him. 

20 It is this solemn and enraptured beauty of symbol 
and spectacle which in a great Gothic church gives you 
emotions that in a St. Peter's or a St. Paul's you can sel- 
dom know. 

105. Conjunctive Adverbs are adverbs used (1) to 
connect Adjective (99) or Adverbial Clauses with 
Principal Propositions, and (2) to modify some word in 
the subordinate clause. 

Note 1 : The Conjunctive Adverbs used to connect Ad- 
verbial Clauses are : when, whenever, where, wherever, 
whither, ivhile, and as. 

Note 2: Before, after, since, and until, -^Yvqh used as 
clause-connectives, are usually regarded as Subordinate 
Conjunctions. 

Note 3 : In Adverbial Clauses connected by while and 
though, the Subject and part of the Verb must often be 
supplied. 

Exercise 80. In the folloiving sentences, find the 
conjunctive advei'hs used to connect adverbial clauses 
with 'principal propositions and tell what word each 
clause modifies: — 

1 Sit thou still when kings are arming, 
Taste not when the wine-cup glistens, 
Speak not when the people listens. 

2 But time, which none can bind. 

While flowing fast away, leaves love behind. 



138 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

3 Take off, take off those shoes of pride, 

Carry them whence they came. 

4 For one and all, or high or low, 
Will lead you where you wish to go. 

5 While the slumber-web she weaves, 
Never nursling stirs or grieves. 

6 The swallow stopt as he hunted the bee. 

7 And Death, whenever he comes to me. 
Shall come on the wild unbounded sea. 

8 Gather ye roses while ye may. 

9 Small service is true service while it lasts. 

10 Just where the tide of battle turns. 
Erect and lonely stood old John Burns. 

11 When I was sick and lay abed 
I had a pillow at my head. 

12 Let me die as I have lived. 

13 When in doubt, do nothing. 

14 She is not fair to outward view. 

As many maidens be. 

15 When organized for the promotion of a particular 
view or proposition, it has, in the United States, three 
courses open to it. 

16 When people write hymns of pity for the Queen, 
we always recall the poor woman whom Arthur Young 
met, as he was walking up a hill to ease his horse near 
Mars-le-Tour. 

17 " Long Live the Republic " was the poor little hero's 
answer, as a ball pierced his heart. 

18 While the dawn on the mountain was misty and 

gray. 
My true-love had mounted his steed and away. 

19 The rose is fairest when 'tis budding new. 
And hope is brightest when it dawns from fears. 

20 Where boasting ends, there dignity begins. 

106. The Parsing of the Adverb should include 
the following points: (1) Class, according to use and 



THE ADVEEB 139 

to meaning; (2) Comparison; (3) Construction: what 
verb, adverb, or adjective the adverb modifies. 

Example 1: — Heart of my heart, have I done well? 

^yell■ is a simple adverb of rnanner, irregularly com- 
pared: icell, better, best. It is used to modify the verb 
done. 

Example 2 : — Where lies the land to which t^he ship would 
go? 

Where is an interrogative adverb of place, used to 
modify the verb lies. 

Example 3 : — High on the shore sat the great god Pan, 
While turbidly flowed the river. 

While is a conjunctive adverb of time, used to modify 
the verb flowed and to connect the clause, while turbidly 
flowed the river, with the principal proposition. High 
. . . Pan. 



Exercise 81. Find and parse the adverbs in Exercises 

77, 78, and 80. 

107. Adverbial Clauses expressing Time, Reason, 
Condition, Purpose, Result, or Comparison are fre- 
quentl}^ connected with Principal Propositions by Sub- 
ordinate Conjunctions (118). 

Note 1 : Ei'e, before, after, since, till, and until denote 
Time; because, for, and since denote Eeason; if and unless 
denote Condition; though and although denote Concession; 
that, lest, and in order that denote Purpose; that, follow- 
ing so and such, denotes Result ; than denotes Comparison. 

Note 2 : Clauses in which so that means in order that 
are clauses of Purpose. When so is an Adverb of Degree, 
the ^/la^-clause expresses Result. 



140 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

Exercise 82, In the following sentences, find the ad- 
verbial clauses connected by subordinate conjunctions 
and tell what each clause ex'presses: — 

1 If there were dreams to sell 

What would you buy? 

2 Her loveliness I never knew 

Until she smiled on me. 

3 Unless above himself he can erect himself, 

How poor a thing is man! 

4 I die that France may live ! 

5 Before the word was sped 

For evermore thy goal was won. 

6 Be wiser ere the night go by. 

7 Judge of the peoples, spare us yet. 
Lest we forget, lest we forget ! 

8 I pray you send your captains hither. 

That they may speak with me. 

9 But though they be fain of mastery 

They dare not claim it now. 

10 But before the morning broke 

She had vanished through the smoke. 

11 As social distinctions count for less in x4.merica, the 
same tendencies are more generally and uniformly diffused 
through all classes. 

12 I'm sorry that I spelt the word. 

13 Since the lovely are sleeping, 

Go, sleep thou with them ! 

14 How many verses have I thrown 
Into the tire because the one 
Peculiar word, the wanted most. 
Was irrecoverably lost! 

15 Dally not before your king, 

Lest he that is the supreme King of kings 
Confound your hidden falsehood. 

16 Since mine own doors refuse to entertain me, 
I'll knock elsewhere. 



THE ABVEEB 141 

17 Most of ns are very unsafe hands at estimating evi- 
dence, if appeal cannot be made to actual eyesight. 

18 A tree must be rooted in the soil before it can bear 
flowers and fruit. 

19 Though thou canst swim like a duck, thou art made 
like a goose. 

20 We do not know, because we have never yet hon- 
estly tried, what the common people will or will not re- 
spond to. > 

Exercise 83. In the following sentences, find the ad- 
verbial clauses and tell in each case whether the clause 
expresses purpose or result: — 

1 I am so deeply smitten thro' the helm 
That without help I cannot last till morn. 

2 What prodigal portion have I spent. 
That I should come to such penury ? 

3 Let me rail so high 

That the false housewife, Fortune, break her wheel. 

4 Upon what meat doth this our Caesar feed. 
That he is grown so great? 

5 When the host is near. 
Shout aloud that my men may hear. 

6 I have so much confidence in the sagacity of the 
Romans that I should be cautious in criticising their mili- 
tary administration. 

7 Bitter shame hath spoil'd the sweet world's taste. 
That it yields naught but shame and wretchedness. 

8 Defend me from that Welsh fairy, lest he transform 
me! 

9 That he might shake the foundations of these debas- 
ing sentiments more effectually, he always selected for 
himself the boldest literary services. 

10 I'll keep him so that he shall not offend 3^ou. 

11 Take heed, lest by your heat you burn yourselves. 

12 The number of readers is at present so great that 



142 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

a popular author may subsist in comfort and opulence on 
the profits of his works. 

13 1 am in blood 
Stept in so far, that, should I wade no more. 
Returning were as tedious as go o'er. 

14 Good fortune came in such a manner that it was 
almost certain to be abused. 

15 Are you so sick, my Queen, you cannot move 
To these fair jousts? 

16 The characteristic faults of Johnson's style are so 
familiar to all our readers, and have been so familiar to 
all our readers, and have been so often burlesqued, that 
it is almost superfluous to point them out. 

17 Treat him with all grace. 

Lest he should come to shame thy judging of him. 

18 So strong is the perception of what is unreal that 
it often overpowers all the passions of the mind, and all 
the sensations of the body. 

19 So dear to Heaven is saintly chastity. 
That when a soul is found sincerely so, 
A thousand liveried angels lackey her. 

20 The world is so full of a number of things, 
I'm sure we should all be as happy as kings. 



108. Adverbial Clauses of Degree are often 
Elliptical. They are introduced by the Subordinate 
Conjunction than or by the Conjunctive Adverb as. 

Note 1 : Clauses introduced by tlian follow a Compara- 
tive Adjective or Adverb in the Principal Proposition : as, 
"Ask some younger lass than I" (am young). 

Note 2 : Clauses of Degree introduced by as follow a 
preceding as or so which is used to modify an Adjective 
or an Adverb in the Principal Proposition : as, " He is as 
true as steel'' (is true). 



THE ADVERB 143 

Note 3 : Clauses introduced by as if contain an Ellipsis 
between as and if, but, in practice, as if is usually regarded 
as a double connective. 



Exercise 84. Find the elliptical adverbial clauses in 
the following sentences and supply in each case the 
ivords necessary for the grammatical construction: — 

1 There are none so deaf as they that will not hear. 

2 Polished brass will pass upon more people than rough 
gold. 

3 Busy, thirsty, curious fly. 
Drink with me and drink as I. 

4 It is better to wear out than to rust out. 

5 A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches. 

6 Not a lord in all the country 
Is so great a lord as he. 

7 An injury is much sooner forggtten than an insult. 

8 Man must depart from life as from an inn, not as 
from a dwelling. 

9 I will sooner trust the wind with feathers 
Or the troubled sea with pearls 

Than her with anything. 

10 Better be with the dead. 
Whom we, to gain our peace, have sent to peace 
Than on the torture of the mind to lie 

In restless ecstasy. 

11 It is easier to write some books than to read them. 

12 Thy memory lasts both here and there, 

And thou shalt live as long as we. 

13 Her very frowns are fairer far 
Than smiles of other maidens are. 

14 The canker-blooms have full as deep a dye 
As the perfumed tincture of the roses. 

15 I am never less alone than when alone. 



144 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

16 There is sweet music here that softer falls 
Than petals from blown roses on the grass. 

17 Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky, 
Thou dost not bite so nigh 

As benefits forgot: 
Though thou the waters warp, 
Thy sting is not so sharp 

As friend remembered not. 

18 Others knew your worth as well as he. 

19 'Tis better to have loved and lost 
Than never to have loved at all. 

20 Doubtless the pleasure is as great 
Of being cheated as to cheat. 

21 More like are we to reave him of his crown 
Than make him knight because men call him king. 

22 A truer sign of breeding than mere kindness is there- 
fore sympathy. 

23 His attacks were, in general, directed less against 
particular abuses than against those deeply-seated errors 
on which almost all abuses are founded. 

24 Spring, summer, autumn, winter. 

Come duly, as of old. 

25 More things are wrought by prayer 
Than this world dreams of. 

26 His eyes were grown quite blue again. 

As in the happy time. 

27 There is no more hazardous enterprise than that of 
bearing the torch of truth into those infected recesses in 
which no light has ever shone. 

28 I'll teach you how to sing a clearer carol 
Than lark that hails the dawn or breezy down. 

29 It is surely more important to enjoy a book than 
to know by what tricks the author makes us enjoy it. 

30 Let him not boast who puts his armor on, 
As he who puts it off, the battle done. 



THE ADVERB 145 

Exercise 85. In the following sentences, tell whether 
the adverbs, when, where, whereon, wherever, why, 
whither, and how", introduce noun, adjective, or ad- 
verbial clauses: — 

1 I have known when there was no music in him but 
the drum. 

2 Aye, he has traveled whither * 
A winged pilot steered his bark. 

3 I asked her why she sighed. 

4 Tell me, how do all from whence he came? 

5 Where they should have closed and gone forward, 
the Fore and Aft opened out and skirmished, and where 
they should have opened out and fired, they closed and 
waited. 

6 "\ATien the battle went ill, and the bravest were solemn, 
Near the dark Seven Pines, where we still held our 

ground. 
He rode down the length of the withering column. 
And his heart at our war-cry leapt up with a bound ! 

7 Burly, dozing humble-bee, 
WTiere thou art is clime for me. 

8 This is the moment when the earliest sunshine creeps 
through the lattice, plays upon the wall, and wakens the 
sleeper. 

9 I would that thus, when I shall see 

The hour of death draw near to me, 
Hope, blossoming within my heart. 
May look to heaven as I depart. 

10 Where you see no good, silence is the best. 

11 I see the violet-sprinkled sod 
Whereon she leaned. 

12 I do not love thee. Dr. Fell; 
Why it is I cannot tell. 

13 But first thou must go unto the land of the lotos, 
where famine never cometh. 



146 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

l-I For now it is not as when I was young, 
When Rustum was in front of every fray. 

15 Who knows whither the birds have flown? 

16 At the very time when camp and field are ruining 
many of the soldiers, the sense of duty to the flag is the 
last quality to degenerate. 

17 And the stately Spanish men to their flagship bore 

him then, 
Where they laid him by the mast, old Sir Richard 
caught at last. 

18 When pain and anguish wring the brow, 

A ministering angel thou! 

19 Weak-winged is song. 

Nor aims at that clear-ethered height 
Whither the brave deed climbs for light. 

20 Nor ever friendlier seemed thy company 
Than on this night when I must quit thine inn. 



109. Complex Sentences containing Adverbial 
Clauses are analyzed as follows: — 

Example 1 : — Some murmur when their sky is dear. 

Complex Declarative Sentence. 



Principal Proposition, 
Some murmur 



Subject, some 
Predicate Verb, murmur 
Modifier of Verb, tuheii 
their sky is clear (ad- 
verbial clause) 



Subordinate Clause, f ^^^^J^^^' '^'^ , 
when their sky is dear. \ Pi'^dicate \erb 
(Connective when, 
conjunctive adverb) 



is 
Complement, dear (predi- 
cate adjective) 
Modifier of Verb, luhen 



Principal Proposition, 
The soul of man is larger 



THE ADVEEB 147 

Example 2 : — The soul of man is larger than the sl'y. 
Complex Declarative Sentence. 

Subject, soul 
Predicate Verb, is 
Complement, larger (pred- 
icate adjective) 
Modifiers of Subject, the, 
of man 
Modifier of Complement, 
than the slcy (adverbial 
clause) 

Subordinate Clause, f Subject, slcy 

than the sl-y (is large), j Predicate Verb, is\ a .4^ a 

(Connective than, I Complement, /a^'^e ' 

subordinate conjunction) |^ (predicate adjective) 

Example 3 : — Thou hast not made m^/- life so sweet to me 
That I, the king, should greatly care to live. 

A Complex Declarative Sentence. Principal Proposi- 
tion, Thou . . . me; Subordinate Adverbial Clause, that 
. . . live; connective that (subordinate conjunction). 
The x\dverb so and the Subordinate Clause are co-ordinate 
modifiers of sweet. [Detailed analysis as in (2).] 
Example 4 : — Brutus will start a spirit as soon as Ccesar. 

A Complex Declarative Sentence. Principal Proposi- 
tion, Brutus will start a spirit as soon; Subordinate Ad- 
verbial Clause, as Ccesar {will start a spirit) ; connective 
as (conjunctive adverb). The simple adverb as and the 
Subordinate Clause are co-ordinate modifiers of soon. [De- 
tailed analysis as in (2).] 

Exercise 86. Analyze according to the models given 
ahove the sentences in Exercises 80, 82, 83, 84. 



CHAPTER VIII 
THE PREPOSITION 

110. A Preposition is a word used with a ISToun or 
a Pronoun to show its relation to some other word: as, 

A thing of beauty is a joy forever. 

Note 1 : Prepositions, with the Nouns or Pronouns with 
which they are used, form Prepositional Phrases, which 
are Adjective (98) or Adverbial (104) in use. 

Note 2 : The Noun or Pronoun with which the Preposi- 
tion is used is called the Object of the Preposition. The 
Preposition shows the relation between its Object and the 
word that the phrase as a whole modifies : as, " On Prague's 
proud arch the fires of ruin glow/' {On shows the rela- 
tion between arch and glow.) 

Note 3 : Besides Nouns and Pronouns, Prepositions may 
have as objects: (1) Adjectives or Adverbs used as Nouns; 
(2) Infinitives (46), Gerunds (56); (3) Prepositional 
Phrases; (4) Noun Clauses (76). 

Note 4: The Participial forms, regarding, concerning, 
notwithstanding, during, are usually regarded as Prepo- 
sitions. 

Note 5 : Prepositional Phrases sometimes serve as Predi- 
cate Adjectives: as, 

" A man convinced against his will 
Is of the same opinion still." 

Note G : Some combinations of words are best explained 
as Phrasal Prepositions : in case of, out of, as to, according 
to, as for, etc. 

Note 7 : In, up, down, when not used as Prepositions to 

148 



THE PREPOSITION 149 

express relation, are Adverbs of Place : as, " They went in 
to Hezekiah, the King." 

Exercise 87. In the following sentences, find the 
words used as the objects of prepositions: — 

1 Beyond all streams Clitumnus 
Is to the herdsman dear. 

2 Along their path fresh garlands ^ 

Are hung from tree to tree; 
Before them stride the pipers, 
Piping a note of glee. 

3 Such sober certainty of waking bliss 
I never felt till now. 

4 A fever in these pages burns; 

Beneath the calm they feign, 
A wounded human spirit turns 
Upon its bed of pain. 

5 For thou art of the morning and the May; 
I, of the autumn and the eventide. 

6 And near the sacred gate. 
With longing eyes I wait, 
Expectant of her. 

7 This 

Will lug 3^our priests and servants from youT sides, 
Pluck stout men's pillows from below their heads. 

8 I've heard bells tolling 
Old Adrian's mole in, 
Their thunders rolling 

From the Vatican. 

9 And thus, wdth eyes that would not shrink, 

With knee to man unbent. 
Unfaltering on its dreadful brink 

To his red grave he went. 
10 Eiding from Coleraine 

(Famed for lovely Kitty), 
Came a Cockney bound 

Unto Derry city. 



150 EXEKCISES IX GEAMMAE 

11 Among the universities of America there is none 
which has sprung up of itself, like Bologna or Paris or El 
Azhar or Oxford, none founded by an Emperor, like 
Prague, or by a Pope, like Glasgow. 
13 Always he marched in advance. 
Warring in Flanders and France, 
Doughty with sword and with lance. 
13 They are satisfied with the world they live in, for 
they have found it a good world. 
11 All night before the brink of death, 
In fitful sleep the army lay. 
For through the dream that stilled their breath 
Too gauntly glared the coming day. 

15 And down the weaver's croft I stole, 

To see if the flax were high; 
But I saw the weaver at his gate 
With the good news in his eye ! 

16 The Minstrel Boy to the war is gone, 

In the ranks of death you'll find him; 
His father's sword he has girded on. 
And his wild harp slung behind him. 

17 As, at dawn, 
The shepherd from his mountain lodge descries 
A far, bright cit}^, smitten by the sun. 
Through many rolling clouds — so Eustum saw 
His youth. 

18 Walking in the beautiful gardens of those friends 
with whom he had dined would be the choice of a man 
of sense; yours is to be fixed down to chess, where you are 
found engaged for two or three hours. 

19 Excellent herbs had our fathers of old. 

20 Not in vain. Confessor old, 

Unto us the tale is told 
Of thy day of trials; 
Every age on him, who strays 
From its broad and beaten ways, 
Pours its sevenfold vials. 



THE PEEPOSITION 151 

111. The Parsing of the Preposition should in- 
clude the following points: (1) Xaming the part of 
speech; (2) Telling between what words the preposition 
shows the relation (110). 

Example 1 : — Break, break, break 

On thy cold gray stones, Sea ! 
On is a preposition, showing the relation between the 
noun stones and the verb hreaJc. 
Example 2 : — Drowned in yonder living blue, 
The lark becomes a sightless song. 
In is a preposition, showing the relation between the 
noun hJne and the participle drowned. 

Exercise 88. Parse according to the models given 
above the prepositions in Exercise 87. 

112. The Object of a Preposition may be a Phrase 
or a Clause: as, 

1 Perhaps she culled it from among the rest. 

2 Thou sing'st of what he knew of old. 

Exercise 89. In the following sentences, find the 
phrases and clauses used as the objects of preposi- 
tions : — 

1 No man was ever made utterly miserable, excepting 
by himself. 

2 He hasn't got a notion of how children ought to play. 

3 No war ought ever to be undertaken but under cir- 
cumstances which render all interchange of courtesy be- 
tween the combatants impossible. 

4 Tell her with steady pace to come 
To where my laurels lie. 

5 I am not sent but to the lost sheep. 

6 Whosoever shall ask a petition of any God or man for 



152 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

thirty days save of thee, King, he shall be cast into 
the den of lions. 

7 No desire can be satisfied except through the exercise 
of a faculty. 

8 In how many things he ministered unto me at Ephe- 
sus, thou knowest very well. 

9 Excepting in barbarous times, no such atrocious out- 
rages could be committed. 

10 Should a leaflet come to hand 

Drifting nigh to where I stand. 

Straight I'll board that tiny boat, 

Round the whirlpool sea to float. 

11 The blood of man should never be shed but to re- 
deem the blood of man. 

12 It is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast 
out and to be trodden under foot. 

13 I had not known sin but by the law. 

14 And nigh to where his bones abide, 
The Thames with its unruffled tide 
Seems like his genius typified. 

15 There is no record left on earth. 
Save in tablets of the heart. 

Of the rich inherent worth 

Of the grace that on him shone. 

16 To be truly happy is a question of how we begin, and 
not of how we end. 

17 If I could find a higher tree 
Farther and farther I should see. 
To where the grown-up river slips 
Into the sea among the ships. 

18 Symonds, the heroic man of letters who banished 
himself to the higher Alps in order to live, just as Steven- 
son banished himself to Samoa, has a poem of how a fa- 
ther's love may control a father's grief. . 

19 The lily-white doe Lord Ronald had brought 

Leaped up from where she lay. 

20 We will not speak of what we know. 



THE PREPOSITION" 153 

113. The Subordinate Clause of a Complex Sen- 
tence may itself be Complex: as, 

There with the others to a seat he gat, 
Whence he beheld a hroiderd canopy, 
'Neath which in fair array King Schceneus sat 
Upon his throne with councilors therehy. 

Exercise 90. In the following sentences, find the 
complex subordinate clauses: — 

1 But little he'll reck, if they let him sleep on, 
In the grave where a Briton has laid him. 

2 They knew by his awful and kingly look. 

By the order hastily spoken, 
That he dreamed of days when the nations shook 
And the nations' hosts were broken. 

3 She struck where the white and fleecy waves 

Looked soft as carded wool. 

4 If there is any truth in Jonson's statement that 
Shakespeare never blotted a line, there is no justice in the 
censure which it implies. 

5 Shakespeare's old Adam, in As You Like It, declares 
that his old age is as a lusty winter because in youth he 
did not woo the means of weakness and debility. 

6 Whenever the poets have stopped to think about the 
ways in which all this glorious life goes on, they are filled 
with wonder. 

7 Yet all experience is an arch wherethro' 

Gleams that untravel'd world, whose margin fades 
Forever and forever when I move. 

8 When Chatham was asked where he had read 
his English history, he answered, " In the plays of 
Shakespeare.^' 

9 We must be free or die, who speak the tongue 
That Shakespeare spake; the faith and morals hold 
Which Milton held. 



154 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

10 Let ever}^ wind be hushed, that I may hear 
The wondrous things he tells the world below. 

11 Our whole history, then, teaches that we got the 
splendid army we have only when the people had learned 
in the stern school of experience what our need was. 

12 And still I felt the center of 

The magic circle there 
Was one fair Form that filled with love 
The lifeless atmosphere. 

13 But soon a wonder came to light 
That showed the rogues they lied. 

14 When I have borne in mind what has tamed 
Great nations, how ennobling thoughts depart 
When men change words for ledgers, and desert 
The student's bower for gold, some fears unnamed 
I had, my Country! 

15 There's not a soul in the garden world 

But wishes the day were shorter. 
When Mariner B. puts out to sea 
With the wind in the proper quarter. 

16 They gave him of the corn-land. 

That was of public right. 
As much as two strong oxen 

Could plow from morn to night. 

17 Lo ! I uncover the land 

Which I hid of old time in the West, 
As the sculptor uncovers the statue 
When he has wrought his best. 

18 Our ship touched at an island on the way home, 
where my black servant took me a walk over rocks and 
hills, till we passed a garden where we saw a man walking. 

19 Saint Augustine ! well hast thou said 

That of our vices we can frame 
A ladder, if we will but tread 

Beneath our feet each deed of shame. 

20 All boys love liberty, till experience convinces them 
they are not so fit to govern themselves as they imagined. 



THE PEEPOSITION 155 

114. The Complex Sentence containing a Complex 
Subordinate Clause is analyzed as follows : — 

Example: — Life is sweet, though all that makes it sweet 
Lessen like sound of friends' departing feet. 
A Complex Declarative Sentence. Principal Proposi- 
tion, Life is sweet; Subordinate Clause, though . . . feet, 
adverbial modifier of is; connective, the sul;)ordinate con- 
junction though. The Subordinate Clause is Complex. 
Its Principal Proposition is, though all lessen like sound 
of friends' departing feet; Subordinate Clause, that makes 
it sweet, adjective modifier of all; connective that (rela- 
tive pronoun). [Detailed analysis as in 109.] 

Exercise 91. Analyze according to the model given 
above the sentences in Exercise 90. 

115. The Complex Sentence njay contain two or 
more Subordinate Clauses which are not related to each 
other: as, 

To me the meanest flower that blows can give 
Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears. 

Exercise 92. Find the subordinate clauses in the 
following complex sentences: — 

1 While we breathe beneath the sun. 
The world which credits what is done 
Is cold to all that might have been. 

2 O'er ,the smooth enameled green. 
Where no print of step hath been, 
Follow me, as I sing 

And touch the warbled string. 

3 AVhen once a book has become immortal, we think 
that we can see why it became so. 

4 Every man must, of course, whether he will or not, 



156 EXEECISES IN GEAMMAR 

feel the spirit of the age in which he lives and thinks 
and does his work. 

5 As the woman heard, 
Fast flowed the current of her easy tears, 
While in her heart she yearned incessantly 
To rush abroad all round the little haven, 
Proclaiming Enoch Arden and his woes. 

6 If any man ask me what a free government is, I 
answer, that, for any practical purpose, it is what the 
people think so. 

7 But to my mind, though I am native here 
And to the manner born, it is a custom 

More honored in the breach than in the observance. 

8 Harpers must lull him to his rest. 

With the slow soft tunes he loves the best, 
Till sleep sink down upon his breast, 
Like the dew on a simimer hill. 

9 It has been observed that one of the curious con- 
trasts which make up that complex creature, Walter Scott, 
is the strong attraction which drew him, as a Lowlander 
the born natural antagonist of the Gael, to the Highland 
people. 

10 If these brief lays of sorrow born 
Were taken to be such as closed 

Grave doubts and answers here proposed. 
Then these were such as men might scorn. 

11 When the public man omits to put himself in a 
situation of doing his duty with effect, it is an omission 
that frustrates the purposes of his trust almost as much 
as if he had formally betrayed it. 

12 If you convey a false impression, what difference 
does it make how you convey it? 

13 In after-days, when grasses high 
O'ertop the stone where I shall lie, 
Though ill or well the world adjust 
My slender claim to honor'd dust, 
I shall not question or reply. 



THE PEEPOSITIOX 157 

14 But when the clays of golden dreams had perish'd. 

And even Despair was powerless to destroy, 
Then did I learn how existence could be cherish'd. 
Strengthened, and fed, without the aid of joy. 

15 Sweet spring, full of sweet days and roses, 
A box where sweets compacted lie. 

My music shows ye have your closes. 

16 If the spirits of the departed are cognizant, as we 
fondly trust they are, of the sentiments which animate the 
*' breathers of this world," Shakespeare's may well be filled 
with profoundest love and gratitude in the perception of 
how much it was permitted to contribute towards the ele- 
vation and refinement of the world. 

17 When ye fight with a wolf of the pack you must fight 

him alone and afar. 
Lest others take part in the quarrel and the pack is 
diminished by war. 

18 If you mean to please any people, you must give 
them the boon which they ask. 

19 When popular discontents have been very prevalent, 
it may well be affirmed and supported that there has been 
generally something found amiss in the constitution or 
the character of government. 

20 Is it not better at an early hour 

In its calm cell to rest the weary head. 
While birds are singing and wliile blooms the bower, 
Than sit the fire out and go starv'd to bed ? 

116. Complex Sentences containing two or more 
Subordinate Clauses not related to each other are 
analyzed as follows : — 

Example : — Poor wretches that depend 

On greatness' favor dream, as I have done. 
Wake, and find nothing. 
A Complex Declarative Sentence. Principal Proposition, 

Poor wretches dream, wake, and find nothing ; First Sub- 



158 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

ordinate Clause, that depend on greatness' favor, adjective 
modifier of wretches; connective that (relative pronoun) ; 
Second Subordinate Clause, as I have done, adverbial 
modifier of dream; connective as (conjunctive adverb). 
[Detailed analysis as in 109.] 

Exercise 93. Analyze according to the model given 
above the sentences in Exercise 92. 

117. Complex Sentences sometimes contain Paren- 
thetical Clauses which are inserted as a comment on 
what the sentence states: as, 

I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong, 
Who, you all know, are honorable men. 

Note: The Relative Pronoun as frequently introduces 
Parenthetical Clauses, its antecedent being the Principal 
Proposition taken as a whole (85) : as, " Carlyle, a^ Lord 
Morley says, preached the doctrine of silence in thirty 
volumes." 



CHAPTER IX 
THE CONJUI^CTION 

118. A Conjunction is a word used to connect 
Words, Phrases, or Clauses. According to their use, 
conjunctions are classified as (1) Co-ordinate and (2) 
Subordinate. 

Xote 1 : Co-ordinate Conjunctions connect Words, 
Phrases, and Clauses of the same rank. Words and Phrases 
are of the same rank when the}^ bear the same relation 
to some other word in the sentence. Clauses are of the 
same rank when they are both Princi'pal or both Subordi- 
nate. The chief Co-ordinate Conjunctions are : and, hut, 
or, nor, not only — hut also. 

Note 2 : Subordinate Conjunctions connect Subordinate 
Clauses with Principal Propositions and hence are only 
used in Complex Sentences. The chief Subordinate Con- 
junctions are : that, if, lest, because, since, although, 
than, as (107). 

Note 3 : The Subordinate Conjunction that frequently 
introduces Noun Clauses and is then known as an Intro- 
ductory Subordinate Conjunction (64). 

Note 4: Conjunctions used in pairs are called Correla- 
tive Conjunctions. They are: hotli — and; either — or; 
whether — or; neither — nor; not only — hut also. The first 
Conjunction of the pair is merely Introductory, the con- 
nective force belonging to the second. 

Note 5 : The following expressions are best explained as 
Phrasal Conjunctions: in order that; for as much as; as 
if; as though, etc. 

159 



160 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

Note 6 : But (when it means except), till, until, and since 
are often used as Prepositions : as, '" Since his exile, she 
has despised me most " ; " Spirits are not finely touched hut 
to fine issues." 

Exercise 94. In the following sentences find the co- 
ordinate conjunctions and tell what words or phrases 
each connects: — 

1 Now the dog was a hound of the Danish breed, 
Stanch to love and strong at need. 

2 And w^hether his view was right or wrong 

Has little to do with this my song. 

3 A night of memories and of sighs 

I consecrate to thee. 

4 King Canute was w^earj^-hearted ; he had reigned of 

years a score, 
Battling, struggling, pushing, fighting, killing much 
and robbing more. 

5 Monsieur the Cure down the street 

Comes with his kind old face, — 
With his coat worn bare, and his straggling hair. 
And his green umbrella-case„ 

6 Shrilling pipe or fluting whistle 
In the valle3^s come again; 

Fife of frog and call of tree-toad, 
All my brothers, five or three-toed. 
With their revel no more vetoed. 
Making music in the rain. 

7 In this, or in some other spot, 

I know they'll shine again. 

8 On either side the river lie 
Long fields of barley and of rye. 

9 Now folds the lily all her sweetness up 
And slips into the bosom of the lake. 

10 They strike mine eyes, but not my heart. 

11 Hast thou named all the bii-ds without a gun? 
Loved the wood-rose and left it on its stalk ? 



THE CONJUNCTION 161 

12 Art might obey, and not surpass. 

13 Hater of din and riot, 
He lived in days unquiet; 
And, lover of all beaut}^, 
Trod the hard ways of duty. 

11 This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable 
expressing 
To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my 
bosom's core. 

15 What words divine of lover or of poet 
Could tell our love and make thee know it? 

16 No man was ever better disposed, or worse quali- 
fied, for such an undertaking, than myself. 

17 We are therefore called upon, as it were by a supe- 
rior warning voice, again to attend to America; to attend 
to the whole of it together ; and to review the subject with 
an unusual degree of care and calmness. 

18 Liberty, among us, is not a sentiment, but a product 
of experience. 

19 IS'ature I loved, and next to Nature, Art. 

20 In the field of history, learning should be deemed 
to stand among the people and in the midst of life. 



Exercise 95. Fbid the correlative conjunctions and 
explain the use of each pair: — 

1 There are moments in life when the lip and the eye 
Try the question of whether to laugh or to cry. 

2 There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking 
makes it so. 

3 There is not only disgrace and dishonor in that, 
monster, but an infinite loss. 

4 Both thou and I 
Must quickly die. 

5 I am not only witty myself, but the cause that wit 
is in other men. 



162 EXEECISES IN GEAMMAR 

6 When you do find him, or alive or dead. 
He will be found like Brutus. 

7 Extreme fear can neither fight nor fly. 

8 He either fears his fate too much, 

Or his deserts are small, 
That dares not put it to the touch, 
To win or lose it all. 

9 And to the skirts of this wild wood he came, 
Where, meeting with an old religious man. 
After some question with him, was converted 
Both from his enterprise and from the world. 

10 I'll be your servant 

Whether you will or no. 



Exercise 96. Find the subordinate conjunctions in 
Exercises 82 and 83 and tell what clauses each con- 
nects. 

119. A Compound Sentence consists of two or more 
Members which are grammatically Independent of each 
other: as, 

The Piper advanced and the children followed. 

Note 1 : The members of a Compound Sentence are con- 
nected by Co-ordinate Conjunctions (118), expressed or 
understood. 

Note 2 : The members of a Compound Sentence may be 
Complex, and the subordinate clauses of a Complex Sen- 
tence may be Compound. 

Note 3 : Two or more Participial, Infinitive, or Preposi- 
tional Phrases connected by Co-ordinate Conjunctions are 
said to form a Compound Phrase: as, " I mean not to run 
with the hare and to hunt with the hounds," 



THE CONJUNCTION^ 1G3 

Exercise 97. In the following compound sentences, 
find the co-ordinate members and tell in each case hy 
what conjunctions they are connected: — 

1 Beauty was all around him, 

But, from that eve, he was alone on earth. 

2 What in me is dark, 
Illumine ; what is low, raise and support, i 

3 A few daring jests, a brawl, and a fatal stab make 
up the life of Marlowe, but even details such as these 
are wanting to the life of Williani Shakespeare. 

4 They have the grief men had of yore. 
But they contend and cry no more. 

5 Clear drawn against the hard blue sky. 
The peaks had winter's keenness; 
And, close on Autumn's frost, the vales 
Had more than June's fresh greenness. 

6 Now the noon was long passed over when again the 

murmur rose, 
And through the doors cast open flowed in the river 
of foes. 

7 To her fair works did Nature link 
The human soul that through me ran; 
And much it grieved my heart to think 
What man has made of man. 

8 When young people begin to awake from their day- 
dreams, they abandon the hope of reaching quite all their 
air-castles, but they have learned to look ahead to a far 
goal. 

9 Men are we, and must grieve even when the shade 
Of that which once was great is passed away. 

10 In cities high the careful crowd 
Of woe-worn mortals darkling go. 
But in these sunny solitudes 

My quiet roses blow. 

11 We look before and after. 
And pine for what is not ; 



164 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

Our sincerest laughter 
With some pain is fraught. 

12 My father loved Sir Rowland as his soul, 
And all the world was of my father's mind; 
Had I before known this young man his son, 

I should have given him tears unto entreaties. 
Ere he should thus have ventured. 

13 Rasselas could not catch the fugitives with his ut- 
most effort, but, resolving to weary by perseverance him 
whom he could not surpass in speed, he kept on till the 
foot of the mountain stopped his course. 

14 There was racing and chasing on Cannobie Lee, 
But the lost bride of Netherby ne'er did they see. 

15 No flocks that range the valley free 
To slaughter I condemn; 

Taught by that power that pities me, 
I learn to pity them. 

16 For oft when on my couch I lie 
In vacant or in pensive mood. 
They flash upon that inward eye 
Which is the bliss of solitude : 

And then my heart with pleasure fills, 
And dances with the daffodils. 

17 The mountains look on Marathon, 
And Marathon looks on the sea; 
And, musing there an hour alone, 

I dreamed that Greece might still be free. 

18 In peace, there's nothing so becomes a man 
As modest stillness and humility; 

But, when the blast of war blows in our ears, 
Then imitate the action of the tiger, 
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood. 

19 Some of Samuel Johnson's friends hoped that the 
government might be induced to increase his pension to a 
hundred pounds; but this hope was disappointed and he 
resolved to stay in England through the winter. 



THE COXJUNCTION 165 

20 Thou wert the Morning Star among the living, 
Ere thy fair light was fled; 
'Now, having died, thou art as Hesperus, giving 
New splendors to the dead. 

120. The Analysis of the Compound Sentence con- 
sists (1) in finding the Co-ovdinate Members (119), 
with the conjunctions connecting them, and> (2) in ana- 
lyzing each Co-ordinate Member as a Simple or a 
Complex Sentence. 

Example : — The stars of midnight shall be dear 
To her, and she shall lean her ear 

In many a secret place 
Where rivulets dance their wayward round. 
Compound Declarative Sentence. First Co-ordinate 
Member, The . . . hei-; Second Co-ordinate Member, 
she . . . round, connected by and., The Second Co- 
ordinate Member is Complex. Principal Proposition, she 
. . . place; Subordinate Adjective Clause, where . . . 
round, connected by luhere (conjunctive adverb). [De- 
tailed Analysis as in 109.] 

Xote : A Compound Subordinate Clause is analyzed like 
a Compound Sentence. 

Exercise 98. Analyze according to the model given 
above the sentences in Exercise 97. 

121. The Parsing of the Conjunction should include 
the following points: (1) Class: whether co-ordinate or 
subordinate; (2) IN'aming the words, phrases, or clauses 
which the conjunction connects. 

Exercise 99. Fi7id and parse the conjunctions in 
Exercises 82 and 97. 



CHAPTER X 
THE INTEKJECTIOISr 

122. An Interjection is a word which expresses 
strong emotion, but which does not enter into the con- 
struction of the sentence : as, 

Alas, poor Yorick! 

Note: Interjections may be: (1) Exclamatory sounds: 
Ah I Hurrah! Oh! (2) Various parts of speech used to 
express feeling: Silence! Hark! Stop! (3) Groups of 
words used in exclamatory fashion: as, Good gracious! 
Dear me! Oh, indeed! 

Exercise 100. Find the interjections in the following 
sentences: — 

1 0, what a rogue and peasant slave am I ! 

2 Why so pale and wan, fond lover ? 
Prithee, why so pale? 

3 What! must I hold a candle to my shames? 

4 Alack! I am afraid they have awaked 
And ^tis not done. 

5 Quit, quit, for shame ! this will not move ; 
This will not take her. 

6 Fie, brother ! how the world is changed with you ! 

7 Away! haunt thou not me. 
Thou vain philosophy ! 

8 Good faith ! how foolish are our minds ! 

9 0, well-a-day ! that ever I was born ! 
10 Go to ! I will tell you no more. 

166 



THE mTERJECTION 167 

11 " I' faith ! '' says Ned, " our father 

Is less polite than just." 

12 Hark! they whisper,; angels say, 
Sister spirit, come away! 

13 Oh !. it offends me to the soul ! 

14 Hence ! horrible shadow ! 

15 Hail ! beauteous stranger of the grove. 
Thou messenger of spring ! , 

16 Hurrah ! for merry England ! 
No longer will I roam. 

17 Avaunt! and quit my sight! 

18 who is so merry, heigh-ho! 

As the light-footed fairy? heigh-ho! 

19 Zounds, sir! then I insist on your quitting the room 
directly. 

20 " Why, that I cannot tell," said he. 



CHAPTER XI 
VAEIETY or FUNCTION 

123. Many words may be used as different Parts of 
Speech. The following are a few examples : — 

1 After 1 Preposition: After us, the deluge. 

2 Adjective: Then let my memory die 

In afte?' days. 

3 Adverb : And also you are living after. 

4 Subordinate Conjunction: After the 

riots were quelled, the charter was with- 
drawn. 

2 All 1 Adjective: All June I bound the rose in 

sheaves. 

2 Pronoun: All that glisters is not gold. 

3 Adverb : This is the maiden all forlorn. 

3 As 1 Conjunctive Adverb: As man may, he 

fought his fight. 

2 Simple Adverb: If any man may, you 

may as soon as any. 

3 Subordinate Conjunction: As he was 

ambitious, I slew him. 

4 Relative Pronoun: They fear religion 

with such a fear as loves not. 

4 Both 1 Adjective : There is much to be said on 

hotli sides. 

2 Pronoun: Commend me to them both. 

3 Co-ordinate Conjunction: 

Your true love's coming 
That can sing both high and low. 
168 



VARIETY OF FUNCTION 169 

5 But 1 Co-ordinate Conjunction: I must fly, 

but follow quick. 

2 Preposition: No tears hut of my shed- 

ding. 

3 Adverb: He hath known you hut three 

days. 

4 Relative Pronoun: There was none hut 

praised him. 

6 Enough...! Noun: Enough is as good as' a feast. 

2 Adjective: They'll find linen enough on 

every hedge. 

3 Adverb: You will find me apt enough. 

7 Like 1 Adjective: In like manner, we have 

striven. 

2 Noun : I shall not look upon his like again. 

3 Verb: I like a church, I like a cowl. 

4 Adverb: I pass like night from land to 

land. 

8 Since 1 Preposition: Since Pentecost, the sum is 

due. 

2 Subordinate Conjunction: 

No matter, since I feel 
The best is past. 

3 Adverb : I brought you word an hour 

sin ce. 

4 Conjunctive Adverb: 

All this service 
Have I done since I went. 

9 That 1 Adjective: Come, brother, in that dust 

we'll kneel. 

2 Adjective Pronoun: That's the wise 

thrush ! 

3 Relative Pronoun: This is the house that 

Jack built. 

4 Subordinate Conjunction: 

Pray heaven that early love and truth 
May never wholly pass away. 



170 EXEECISES IN GRAMMAR 

10 Only....l Adjective: My only love sprung from 
my only hate. 
2 Adverb: A horse cannot fetch, but only 
carry. 

Exercise 101. Parse the italicized words in the fol- 
loiuing sentences: — 

1 Never yet was noble man hut made ignoble talk. 

2 That blade was blessed that it should strike to save. 

3 But for thee, 
I had persisted happy. 

4 I am as like to call thee so again. 

5 I never saw its like before. 

6 I will tell thee all that is in thine heart. 

7 Like strength is felt from hope and from despair. 

8 The young lambs bound 
As to the tabor's sound. 

9 That which we call a rose , 

By any other name would smell as sweet. 

10 Love was of that dignity 

That it went hand in hand even with the vow. 

11 We cannot tell what happened after. 

12 Six days shalt thou labor and do all thy work. 

13 Breathless all, Fitz-James arose. 

14 By the voice that rolls like thunder far, 
By the tenderest eyes of all that are, 

Ye may know Admiral De'ath. 

15 And when I rear my hand, do you the like. 

16 Be as thou would'st be in thine own clear sight. 

17 I am flesh and blood as you are. 

18 He after honor hunts, I after love. 

19 Since my own doors refuse to entertain me, I'll knock 
elsewhere. 

20 Give me this water that I thirst not. 



VARIETY OF FUNCTION 171 

Miscellaneous Examples for Advanced Work. 

Exercise 102. Analyze the following sentences and 
'parse the italicized luords: — 

1 Help me to need no aid from men, 
That I may help such men as need. 

2 You ask me why, tho' ill at ease, , 
Within this region I subsist. 

Whose spirits falter in the mist. 
And languish for the purple seas. 

3 The same sweet cry no circling seas can drown. 
In melancholy cadence rose to swell 

Some dirge of Lycidas or Astrophel, 
When lovely souls and pure, before their time. 
Into the dusk went down. 

4 In the sections of his works in which this grave 
simplicity is most prominent, Burke frequently employed 
the impressive phrases of the Holy Scriptures, affording a 
signal illustration of the truth, that he neglects the most 
valuable repository of rhetoric in the English language 
who has not well studied the English Bible. 

5 So long as mankind look before or after, the name of 
Eome will be the greatest of those upon which their back- 
ward gaze can be turned. 

6 In the stately structure of that imperial language 
they embodied those qualities which make the Roman name 
most abidingly great — honor, temperate wisdom, humanity, 
courtesy, magnanimity; and the civilized world still re- 
turns to that fountainhead and finds a second mother- 
tongue in the speech of Cicero and Vergil. 

7 That this poetry should have been suffered to perish 
will not appear strange, when we consider how complete 
was the triumph of the Greek genius over the public mind 
of Italy. 

8 When these books were first admitted into the pub- 
lic libraries, I remember to have said upon occasion to 



172 EXERCISES IX GEAMMAR 

several persons concerned, how I was sure they would 
create broils wherever they came. 

9 That the laws which Xature has fixed for our lives 
are mighty and eternal, Wordsworth comprehended as fully 
as Goethe, but not that they are laws as pitiless as iron. 

10 The chief object of going abroad, in Plato's opin- 
ion, is to converse with inspired men,, whom Providence 
scatters about the globe, and from whom alone wisdom can 
be learnt. 

11 By common consent of historians, the two most dis- 
tinctive and most characteristic lines of development which 
English forms of government have followed in propagat- 
ing themselves throughout the United States are the two 
lines that have led through Xew England on the one hand 
and through Virginia on the other. 

12 One reason, perhaps, why so many records of 
Shakespeare which must have existed have now disappeared 
is that twenty-six years after his death that great Civil 
War commenced which divided England into hostile fac- 
tions, setting family against family, and led to the ex- 
tinction of many traditions and memorials. 

13 There was one who wisely spake a famous word, that 
ill may seem to be good, and that when the gods will bring 
a man's soul to wreck they make ill to be his good. 

14 I held it truth, with him who sings 

To one clear harp in divers tones. 
That men may rise on stepping-stones 
Of their dead selves to higher things. 

15 The apparent paradox that where the humbler 
classes have differed in opinion from the higher, they have 
often been proved to be right and their so-called betters 
wrong, may perhaps be explained by considering that the 
historical and scientific data on which the solution of a 
problem depends are just as little known to the wealthy 
as to the poor. 

16 That what is called the history of the kings and 
early consuls of Rome is to a great extent fabulous, few 



VARIETY OF FUNCTION 173 

scholars have, since the time of Beaufort, ventured to 
deny. 

17 Two hundred years are flown 

Since first thy story ran through Oxford halls, 
And the grave Glanvil did the tale inscribe 
That thou wert wandered from' the studious walls 
To learn strange arts, and join a Gypsy tribe. 

18 Here they lie had realms and lands; 

Who now want strength to stir their hands, — 
Where from their pulpits seal'd with dust 
They preach " In greatness is no trust." 

19 If we say with Shelley, that poetry is what redeems 
from decay the visitation of the divinity in man, and is 
the best and happiest moments of the best and happiest 
minds, then are we bound to agree that Wordsworth re- 
cords too many moments that are not specially good or 
happy, that he redeems from decay frequent visitations 
that are not from any particular divinity in man. 

20 One lesson, shepherd^ let us two divide. 

Taught both by what she shows and what conceals, 
Never to blend our pleasure or our pride 
With sorrow of the meanest thing that feels. 

21 Far from thy kin cast thee; 
Wrath not thy neighbor next thee; 

And sit thee down, Eobin, and rest thee. • 

22 The chief's eye flash'd, but presently 

Soften'd itself, as sheathes 
A film the mother-eagle's eye 

When her bruis'd eaglet breathes. 

23 A sensible man learns, in everyday life, to abstain 
from praising and blaming character by wholesale; he be- 
comes content to say of this trait that it is good, and of 
that act that it was bad. 

24 It is one of the first things to be said about Macau- 
lay, that he was in exact accord with the common average 
sentiment of his day on every subject on which he spoke. 

25 To complain that Emerson is no systematic reasoner 



174 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

is to miss the secret of most of tliose who have given pow- 
erful impulses to the spiritual ethics of an age. 

26 When time has wrought changes of fashion, mental 
and social, the critic serves a useful turn in giving to a 
poet or a teacher liis true place, and in recovering ideas 
and points of view that are worth preserving. 

27 The only advantage of books over speech is that 
they may hold from generation to generation, and reach, 
not a small group merely, but a multitude of men; and 
a man who writes without heing a man of letters is cur- 
tailed of his heritage. 

28 He saw the land saved he had helped to save and 

was suffered to tell 
Such tidings, yet never decline, but, gloriously as 

he began. 
So to end gloriously. 

29 Wliat we complain of in Napoleon Bonaparte, for 
instance, is not that he sought power, but that he sought it 
in the interests of a coarse, brutal, and essentially unmean- 
ing ambition. 

30 It is a familiar fact that moments of appalling sus- 
pense are precisely tliose in which we are most ready in- 
voluntarily to note a trifle. 

31 I know a little garden close. 
Set thick with lily and red rose. 
Where I would wander if I might 
From dewy dawn to dewy night. 
And have one with me wandering. 

32 Though Byron may have no place in our own 
Minster, he assuredly belongs to the band of far-shining 
men, of whom Pericles declared the whole world to be 
the toml). 

33 Not a flower can be found in the fields 
Or the spot that we till for our pleasure, 
From the largest to least, but it yields 
The hee, never wearied, a treasure. 

34 Of all the many gifts that had formed the char- 



VAEIETY OF FUNCTION 175 

acter of Walter Scott, but one was now recognizable 
through the gathering mist of death; that inexhaustible 
affedionateness and thought for others which had been the 
grace of his life. 

35 He died in giving 

Rome liberty, but left a deathless lesson — 
A name which is a virtue, and a soul 
Which multiplies itself throughout all time, 
When wicked men wax mighty, and a state 
Turns servile. 

36 When we know 
All that can come, and how to meet it, our 
Eesolves, if firm, may merit a more noble 
Word than this. 

37 Waiting to be treated like a wolf. 

Because I knew my deeds were known, I found 

Instead of scornful pity or pure scorn 

Such fine reserve and noble reticence 

That I began to glance behind me at my former 

life. 
And find that it had been the ivolfs indeed. 

38 Heaven's ebon vault. 
Studded with stars unutterably bright 

Through which the moon's unclouded grandeur rolls, 
Seems like a canopy which love has spread 
To darken her sleeping world. 

39 The old ballads, in collecting which he was assisted 
by Shortreed, formed the basis of the first book in which 
Scott showed his originality. 

40 England had joined that monarchical alliance which 
aimed at compelling France to restore the order of things 
lately swept away, which had succeeded only in uniting 
France as one man against her invaders, and which now, 
in turn, feared revenging invasion from the armies of the 
Eepublic. 

41 Lying robed in snowy white 

That loosely flew to left and right — • 



176 EXERCISES IN GEAMMAR 

The leaves upon her falling light — 
Thro' the noises of the night 
She floated down to Camelot. 

42 I never yet could see the sun go down 
But I was angry in my heart, nor hear 
The leaves fall in the wind without a tear 
Over the dying summer. 

43 And once, in winter, on the causeway chill 

Where liome through flooded fields foot-travelers 
go, 
Have I not passed thee on the wooden bridge 

Wrapt in thy cloak and battling with the snow, 
Thy face towards Hinksey and its wintry ridge ? 

44 Into the skies, one summer's day, 
I sent a little thought away. 

Up to where, in the blue round. 
The sun sat shining without sound. 

45 If hopes were dupes, fears may be liars; 
It may be, in yon smoke conceal'd, 
Your comrades chase e'en now the fliers, 
And, but for you, possess the field. 

46 If there be no nobility of descent, all the more in- 
dispensable is it that there should be nobility of ascent — a 
character in them that bear rule so fine and high and pure 
that, as men come within the circle of its influence, they 
involuntarily pay homage to that which is the one pre- 
eminent distinction, the royalty of virtue. 

47 And when, its force expended, 
The harmless storm was ended. 
And as the sunrise splendid 

Came blushing o'er the sea; 
I thought, as day was breaking, 
My little girls were waking. 
And smiling, and making 

A prayer at home for me. 

48 No public and no private care 

The frecborn mind enthralling. 



VARIETY OF FUNCTION 177 

We made a day of happy hours, 
Our happy days recalling. 

49 To have done things worthy to be written was in 
Scott's eyes a dignity to which no man made any approach 
who had only written things worthy to he read. 

50 As travelers oft look back at eve 

When eastward darkly going, 
To gaze upon that light they leave ' 

Still faint behind them glowing. 
So when the close of pleasure's day 

To gloom hath near consign'd us, 
We turn to catch one fading ray 

Of joy that's left behind us. 

51 If I could write the beauty of your eyes 
And in fresh numbers number all your graces, 
The age to come would say, this poet lies. 

Such heavenly touches ne'er touched earthly faces. 

52 It is only by considering Scott ;n relation to his own 
age and the circumstances in which he formed himself that 
we can reach a full estimate of him as a poet. 

53 All along the valley, stream that flashest white. 
Deepening thy voice with the deepening of the night. 
All along the valley, where thy waters flow, 

I walked with one I loved two and thirty years ago. 

54 He came when poets had forgot 
How rich and strange the human lot, 
How warm the tints of life, how hot 
Are Love and Hate; 

And what makes Truth divine and what 
Makes Manhood great. 

55 how I long to travel back 

And tread again that ancient track. 
That I might once more reach that plain 
Where first I left my glorious train! 

56 Hamilton had, it is true, that deep and passionate 
love of liberty and that steadfast purpose in the mainte- 
nance of it, that mark the best Englishmen everywhere. 



178 EXEECISES IN GEAMMAK 

57 If it is said that Goethe professes to have influenced 
hut a few persons, and those, poets, one may answer that 
he could have taken no better way to secure in the end 
the ear of the world, for poetry is simply the most beau- 
tiful, effective, and widely impressive way of saying things. 

58 I think the summer wind that bows the trees 
Through which the dreamer wandereth, muttering. 
Will bear abroad some knowledge of the thing 
That so consumes him. 

59 What shall I say in these kind people's praise 
Who treated us like brothers for ten days, 
Till with their tending we grew strong again, 
And then withal in country cart and wain 
Brought us unto this city where we are? 

60 We read in the early days of the world how whole 
nations sprang from and were known by the name of some 
one great chief, to whom a more than human rank was 
assigned by the poetry and the gratitude of later 
generations. 

61 As nigh we drew 
Unto the sea, the men showed sparse and few. 
Though frightened ivomen standing in the street 
Before their doors we did not fail to meet. 
And passed by folk who at their doors laid down 
Men wounded in the fight. 

62 How beautiful to see 

Once more a shepherd of mankind indeed, 
Who loved his charge but never loved to lead; 
One whose meek flock the people joyed to be, 
Not lured by amj cheat of birth. 
But by his clear-grained human worth 
And brave old wisdom of sincerity. 

63 Sometimes a breath floats by me, 
An odor from Dreamland sent. 
That makes the ghost seem nigh me 
Of a splendor that came and went. 

64 I do not forget that, when Carlyle was dealing with 



VAHIETY OF FUNCTION 179 

German literature, Heine, though he had clearly risen 
above the horizon, had not yet shone forth in his great 
strength. 
65 We paused among the pines that stood 
The giants of the waste. 
Tortured by storms to shapes as rude 

As serpents interlaced, 
And soothed by every azure breath > 

That under heaven is blown. 
To harmonies and hues beneath 
As tender as its own. 
Q>Q> Throughout the first years of his reign, amidst the 
tournaments and revelries which seemed to absorb his 
whole energies, Henry was in fact keenly watching the 
opening luhich the ambition of France began to afford for 
a renewal of the old struggle. 

67 He went his luays and once more crossed the stream, 
And hastened through the wood ,that scantier grew, 
Till from a low hill he could see the gleam 

Of the great river that of old he knew, 
Wliich drank the woodland stream. 

68 Literature, if crushed for the moment by the over- 
powering attraction of the great models of Greece and 
Eome, revived with a grandeur of form a large spirit 
of humanity such as it had never known since their 
day. 

69 If I weep, 
^Tis that our nature cannot always bring 
Itself to apathy, for we must steep 

Our hearts first in the depths of Lethe's spring, 
Ere what we least wish to behold will sleep. 

70 I leave this notice on my door 
For each accustomed visitor: — 
I am gone into the fields 

To take what this sweet hour yields. 

71 Tell thou the world, when my bones lie whitening 
Amid the last homes of youth and eld, 



180 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

That once there was one whose veins ran lightning 
No eye beheld. 

72 I saw old Autumn in the misty morn 
Stand shadowless like silence, listening 
To silence, for no lonely bird would sing 
Into his hollow ear from woods forlorn, 
Nor lowly hedge nor solitary thorn — 
Shaking his languid locks all dewy bright 
With tangled gossamer that fell by night 
Pearling his coronet of golden corn. 

73 High on the shore sat the great god Pan, 
While turbidly flow'd the river. 

And hack'd and hew'd as a great god can. 
With his hard bleak steel at the patient reed. 
Till there was not a sign of the leaf indeed 
To prove it fresh from the river. 

74 Yesterday is ours also, to have and to hold, though 
it be an oak which grows not within our own garden walls 
and is to be reached only by a going forth and a wrenching 
of the heart-strings. 

75 For cats and dogs the custom is to icrangle as they 

play, 
But youths intent on games should be more sensible 
than they. 

76 He turned his horse's bridle round. 
Ere one could breathe a breath, 
And fronted, as on practice ground. 
The nearest way to death; 

In pride of manhood's ripest spring, 
Hopes high and honor won, 
He deemed his life a little tiling, 
And rode, a soldier, on. 

77 AAHien Strabo says, " It is impossible to be a good 
poet unless you are first a good man," he is expressing 
the common opinion of the Greeks that the poet is to be 
judged not merely as an artist but as an interpreter of 
life. 



VARIETY OF FUNCTION 181 

78 Strange to me now are the forms I meet 
When I visit the dear old town; 

But the native air is pure and sweet, , 

And the trees that o'ershadow each well-known street, 

As they balance up and down. 

Are singing the beautiful song, 

Are sighing and whispering still: 

A boy's will is the wind's will, ' 

And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts. 

79 That the Government will not work satisfactorily 
unless all its officers and employees are in political har- 
mony with the ruling party is one of those superstitions 
which some estimable people have not been able to shake 
off. 

80 And the calm moonlight seems to say: 
Hast thou still the old unquiet breast, 
Which neither deadens into rest. 

Nor ever feels the fiery glow 

That whirls the spirit from itself away? 

81 Even in Greece 
Where best the poet framed his piece. 
Even in that Phoebus-guarded ground 
Pausanias on his travels found 
Good poems, if he look'd, m. ore rare 
(Though many) than good statues were. 

82 Of this fair volume which we World do name. 
If we the sheets and leaves could turn with care. 
Of him who it corrects and did it frame. 

We clear might read t]ie art and wisdom rare. 

83 No one considers how much pain every man of taste 
has had to suffer before he ever inflicts any. 

8-1 Then Denmark blest our chief 
That he gave her wounds repose. 
And the sounds of joy and grief 
From her people wildly rose. 
As death withdrew his shades from the sky. 



182 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 

85 And when in other climes we meet 
Some isle or vale enchanting, 
Where all looks flowery wild and sweet. 
And naught but love is wanting, 

We think how great had been our bliss 
If Heaven had hut assign'd us 
To live and die in scenes like this, 
With some we've left behind us. 

86 High place is lost so easily, that when a family 
has been of long continuance we may be sure that it has 
survived by exceptional merit. 

87 Lo ! I uncover the land 

Which I hid of old time in the West, 
As the sculptor uncovers the statue 
When he has wrought his hest. 

88 It was a very remarkable circumstance about John- 
son, whom shallow observers have supposed to be ignorant 
of the world, that very few men had seen greater variety 
of characters; and none could observe them better, as was 
evident from the strong yet nice portraits which he often 
drew. 

89 The Sonnet glittered a gay myrtle leaf 
Amid the cypress wWi which Dante crowned 
His visionary brow; a glow-worm lamp 

It cheered mild Spenser, called from Faeryland 
To struggle through dark ways; and when a damp 
Fell round the path of Milton, in his hand 
The Thing became a trumpet whence he blew 
Soul-animating strains — alas, too few! 

90 Humanity, delighting to behold 

A fond reflection of her own decay, 
Hath painted Winter like a traveler old. 
Propped on a staff, and, through the sullen daj'', 
In hooded mantle, limping o'er the plain. 
As though his weakness were disturbed by pain. 

91 The great Orders of Chivalry were international 
institutions whose members, having consecrated themselves 



VARIETY OF FUNCTION 183 

a militar}' priesthood, had no longer any country of their 
own and could therefore be subject to no one save the 
Emperor and the Pope. 

92 There is a bondage worse, far worse, to hear 
Than his who breathes, by roof and floor and wall 
Pent in, a Tyrant's solitary thrall. 

93 No one plucks the rose 
Whose proffered beauty in safe shelter grows 
'Mid a trim garden's summer luxuries, 

With Joy like his who climl)s, on hands and knees. 
For some rare plant, yon Headland of St. Bees. 

94 If a man who turnips cries, 
Cries not when his father dies, 
'Tis a proof that he would rather 
Have a turnip than his fatlier. 

95 There is not wind enough to twirl 
The one red leaf, the last of its clan. 
That dances as often as dance it can, 
Hanging so light and hanging sio high. 

On the topmost twig that looks up at the sky. 

96 Thinkest thou not that I long to see that city to 
which there never has been any lil'e nor ever shall be, 
which even an enemy called a citij of kings? 

97 Every intelligent and unprejudiced citizen, when 
he candidly inquires into •the developments which have 
brought about the present state of things will understand 
that of the evils which have so alarmingly demoralized our 
political life, many, if not most, had their origin in that 
practice which treats the public offices as the plunder of 
victorious parties. 

98 The silence there 
By such a chain was bound, 
That even the busy woodpecker 
Made still&r by her sound 

The inviolable quietness. 

99 Now this is the law of the Muscovite, that he proves 

with shot and steel, 



184 EXEECISES IN GRAMMAE 

When ye come by his isles in the smoky seas, ye must 
not take the seal. 
100 Though dark, God, thy course and track, 
I think thou must at least have meant 
That naught that lives should wholly lack 
The things that are more excellent. 



CHAPTEK XII 

DIAGEAMS 

124. A Sentence may be Analyzed by representing 
the grammatical relations of its parts in a Diagram. 
The following examples will illustrate a method of 
Analysis by Diagram * : — 

1 The sentinel stars set their watch in the sky. 



stars set ■ watch 



sky \k 



Note: The Subject, Predicate Verb, and Complement 
(if any) are written over a heavy horizontal line. The 
Subject and Predicate Verb are separated by a vertical line 
which cuts the horizontal line. The division line between 
the Predicate Verb and Object Complement touches the 
horizontal line without cutting it. Modifying words are 
written on slanting lines placed below the word modified. 
The diagram of a Phrase consists of a slanting line on 
which the introductory word is written, and a -horizontal 
line for the principal words, from which lines are drawn, 
if necessary, to indicate modifiers within the Phrase. 

*The method of analysis by diagram emp]o3'ed in this chapter 
follows that developed by Messrs. Reed and Kellogg. 

185 




186 



EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR 



2 William, having defeated Harold, was master of 
England. 



William 



was' 



master 




V^^ 



"^defeated , ^Harold 



England 



Note : The position of the Participle indicates that in 
its adjective use it modifies the Subject, and in its verbal 
use takes an Object Complement. The slanting line be- 
tween the Verb and the Complement shows that the 
latter is either a Predicate Noun or a Predicate Adjective. 



3 Wordsworth and Coleridge published the " Lyrical 
Ballads " to defray the expenses of a walking tour. 



Wordsworth 



Coleridge 




published | ^'Lyrical Ballads'^ 
\ defray I expenses 




Note : The Compound Subject is indicated by the shorter 
horizontal lines connected by the broken line. The rela- 
tion of the Infinitive to the other words in the sentence 
is shown as« in the case of the Participle. 



DIAGRAMS 



187 



4 Macaulay calls " Comus " a lyric poem in dramatic 
form. 



Macaulay 



calls /' poem 



Comus 




form 




Xote : The line between the Predicate Verb and the At- 
tributive Complement slants towards the Object to indicate 
the relation between the two complements. 

5 It is good to be honest and true. 



\£^be 



it (A) 



IS 



honest^ 
! Q^ true 



1. 



good 



Xote : The Appositional relation of the Infinitive Phrase 
is shown by placing it in parenthesis beside the words with 
which it is in Apposition. 

6 That Addison felt the sting of Pope's satire keenly 
cannot be doubted. 

that 




188 



EXERCISES IX GRAMMAR 



Xote : The relation of the words in the Subject Clause 
is represented as in an independent clause, but on lines 
less heavily shaded. 

7 My gentle boy, remember this 
Is nothing but a dream. 



boy 



(that) 



w 


remember 


this , is \ nothing 


(you) , 


"4 

\ dream 

, A 



Note : The Xoun of Address, being an independent ele- 
ment, is placed above the sentence without any line of 
connection. The word understood as the introducing word 
of the Object Clause is written on a line above the clause 
and inclosed within a parenthesis, to show that it is not 
expressed. 

8 We cannot kindle when we will 
The fire that in the heart resides. 



we , can kindle 



fire 



<°. 



\^« ^\ 



V \ 

we I \ will that\ . resides 



\f heart 



Note: The broken lines connecting the Adverbial and 
Adjective Clauses with the words they modify indicate 



DIAGRAMS 



189 



that the introcluctoi7 words have a connective use besides 
their use in the Subordinate Chiuse. 

9 Other men are lenses through which we read our own 
minds. 



men 



are 



lenses 




Note : The position of the Preposition on which the 
connecting Relative Pronoun depends indicates the use of 
the phrase in the Subordinate Clause. 

10 Life is a short day, but it is 'a working da3^ 
Life I is \ day 







]S 



day 




Note: In the Compound Sentence, the clauses, being of 
equal rank, are arranged on lines shaded alike. 

Exercise 103. Diagram the following sentences ac- 
cording to tlie models given above: — 

1 Now trees their leafy hats do bare 
To reverence Winter's silver hair. 



190 EXERCISES IN GEAMMAR 

2 As one dark morn I trod a forest glade, 

A sunbeam entered at the other end. 

3 It is well known to the learned that the ancient laws 
of Attica rendered the exportation of figs criminal. 

4 Men say the earliest word he spake 

Was, " Friends, how goes the fight ? " 

5 And underneath is written 

In letters all of gold. 
How valiantly he kept the bridge 
In the brave days of old. 

6 But they whose guilt within their bosom lies 
Imagine every eye beholds their blame. 

7 Before a calendar of great Americans can be made 
out, a valid canon of American greatness must first be 
established. 

8 Fame, like a wayward girl, will still be coy 
To those who woo her with too slavish knees. 

9 Let us raise a standard to which the wise and honest 
can repair. 

10 Usually the significance of local history is, that it 
is part of a greater whole. 

11 At no period of the world's history can a gifted man 
be born when he will not find enough to do. 

13 When fortune smiles, I smile to think 
How quickly she will frown. 

13 The children laugh loud as they troop to his call, 
And the poor man that knows him laughs loudest of 

all. 

14 For we are very lucky, with a lamp before the door, 
And Leerie stops to light it as he lights so many more. 

15 The chief advantage of London is, that a man is 
always so near his burrow. 

16 Just where Burke got his generous constitution and 
predisposition to enlightened ways of thinking it is not 
easy to see. 

17 When the grass was closely mown, 
Walking in the lawn alone, 



DIAGRAMS 191 

In the turf a hole I found 
And hid a soldier underground. 

18 Members were astonished to recognize a broad phi- 
losophy of politics running through this ardent man's 
speeches. 

19 She has heard a whisper say 

A curse is on her if she stay , 

To look down to Camelot. 

20 Love flew in at the window 

As Wealth walked in at the door. 

21 There was no great love between us at the begin- 
ning, and it pleased Heaven to decrease it on further 
acquaintance. 

22 All night long in a dream untroubled of hope 
He brooded, clasping his knees. 

23 Earth seem'd a desert I was bound to traverse. 
Seeking to find the old familiar faces. 

24 Much have I travel'd in the realms of gold, 

And many goodly states and kingdoms have I seen. 

25 He is the poet of the dawn, who wrote 
The Canterbury Tales, and his old age 
Made beautiful with song. 

26 Down in yon watery nook. 

Where bearded mists divide. 
The gray old gods whom Chaos knew. 
The sires of Nature, hide. 

27 At last Bishop Hatto appointed a day 
To quiet the poor without delay. 

28 If I cannot end my life 

In the crimson'd battle strife. 
Let me die, as I have lived, 
On the sea. 

29 Our fathers find their graves in our short memories, 
and sadly tell us how we may be buried in our survivors. 

30 I, wearing but the garland of a day. 

Cast at thy feet a flower that fades away. 



INDEX 



The numbers refer to the pages 



Absolute, nominative, 80-82 
Abstract noun, 76 
Active voice, 17-20 
Adjective, defined, 7, 119 

classified, 119 

descriptive, 119-121 

proper, 119 

participial, 57, 65, 66, 119 

demonstrative, distributive, 
indefinite, 121-123 

numeral, 121 

used as noun, 119 
1 predicate, 14-16 

predicate, after passive, 23 

comparison of, 123, 124 

parsing of, 125 
Adjective clause, 128-131 
Adjective phrase, 126-128 
Adverb, defined, 7, 132 

classified, 132 

simple, 132-134 

interrogative, 134 

conjunctive, 128, 132, 137, 
139, 142 

phrasal, 132 

there as introductory, 132 

introducing clauses, 145 

comparison of, 132 

parsing of, 138, 139 
Adverbial, objective, 85, 86 

phrases, ,135-137 

clauses, 137-144, 146, 147 
After, uses of, 168 
All, uses of, 168 
Analysis, of infinitive phrase, 
56, 57 

of participial phrase, 59 

of gerund phrase, 62 

of nominative absolute phrase, 
59 



Analysis, of complex phrase, 
68 
of simple sentence, 68-72 
of complex sentences, noun 

clauses, 75, 97-99 
of complex sentences, adjec- 
tive clauses, 130, 131 
of complex sentences, ad- 
verbial clauses, 146, 147 
of complex clause, 155 
of complex sentence, two 
subordinate clauses, 157, 
158 
of compound sentence, 165 
by diagram, 185-189 
Antecedent, of relative pro- 
noun, 106, 107, 158 
Apposition, nouns in, 82 
phrases in, 51, 92, 93 
clauses in, 93-97 
analysis of clause in, 98 
Articles, 122 

As, as relative pronoun, 107, 
158 
other uses of, 168 
As if, use as double connective, 

143 
Attributive complement, 22, 23, 

51, 72 
Auxiliary verbs, defined, 27 
uses of, 29 
may, might, as, 37 
shall, luill, as, 37 
do, did, as, 42 
should, icould, as, 46 



B. 



Be, conjugation of, 34-37 

cases after, 79, 87 
as principal verb, 27 
as auxiliary, 28 



193 



194 



IKDEX 



Both, uses of, 168 
But, uses of, 169 

C. 

Call, conjugation of, 39-41 
Can, use of, 27 
Case, defined, 79 
nominative, 79-84 
objective, 84-87 
possessive, 79, 88 
of nouns in apposition, 82 
after verbals, 79, 87, 88 
review of, 89-91 
Clause, defined, 1 

distinguished from phrase 

and sentence, 2, 3 
noun, 72-75, 93-99 
adjective, 128-131 
adverbial, 137-144, 146, 147 
parenthetical, 158 
elliptical, 142-144 
complex subordinate, 153-155 
compound subordinate, 162, 

165 
subordinate, how introduced, 
93, 128, 137, 139, 142 
Collective nouns, 76 
Common nouns, 76 
Comparison, of adjectives, 123, 
124 
of adverbs, 132 
Complements, direct object, 11, 
12 
predicate noun and predicate 
adjective, 14-16, 23, 24, 
79, 80 
indirect object, 20-22 
attributive, 22, 23, 51, 72 
of verbals, 50, 79, 80, 

87 
summary and review of, 25- 

27 
phrases as, 50-52, 60, 148 
clauses as, 72-75 
Complex clause, 153-155 
Complex phrase, 68 
Complex sentence, defined, 3 
with noun clause, 72-75, 93- 
99 



Complex sentence, with adjec- 
tive clause, 128-131 
with adverbial clause, 137- 

144, 146, 147 
with parenthetical clause, 

158 
analysis of, 75, 97-99, 130, 

146, 147, 155, 157, 158 
diagrams of, 187-189 
Compound clause, 162, 165 
Compound personal pronouns, 

102 
Compound phrase, 162 
Compound relative pronouns, 

109-111 
Compound sentence, defined, 3 
members of, 162-165 
analysis of, 165 
diagram of, 189 
Conditional sentence, 44 

mood and tense in, 44-46 
Conjugation, 34-37, 39-43 
Conjunction, defined, 7, 159 
classified, 159 
co-oMinate, 159-161 
correlative, 159, 161, 162 
subordinate, 139, 142-159, 162 
parsing of, 165 
Conjunctive adverb, defined, 137 
in adjective clause, 128 
in adverbial clause, 137, 142 
parsing of, 139 
Co-ordinate conjunction, de- 
fined, 159 
connecting words or phrases, 

160 
connecting members of com- 
pound sentence, 163-165 



Declarative sentence, 5 
Defective verbs, 10, 11, 27 
Definite article, 122 

as adverb, 132 
Degree, of adjectives, 123 

of adverbs, 132 
Demonstrative adjectives, 121- 
123 

pronouns, 114-116 



INDEX 



195 



Descriptive adjectives, 119-121 
Diagrams of sentences, 185-189 
Direct questions, 105 
Distributive adjectives, 121-123 
pronouns, 114-116 

E. 

Each, every, either, 125, 126 
Either, uses of, 114, 121, 159 
Elliptical sentences, 142-144 
Enough, uses of, 169 
Exclamation, 166 
Exclamatory sentence, 5, 6 



Feminine gender, 78 
First person, 100 
Future auxiliaries, 46 
Future tense, indicative, 37, 46 
subjunctive, 44 



G. 



Gender, of nouns, 78 

of personal pronouns, 100 

Gerund, 50, 60 
parsing of, 61 
phrase, analj'zed, 62 
independent, 65 
with other -ing forms, 65-67 
case after, 50, 80, 87 



H. 

Have, as principal verb, 27 
as auxiliary verb, 27, 29 
inflection of, 29 



Imperative mood, 32 

sentence, 5 
Impersonal verb, 42 
Incomplete predication, verbs of, 

14, 15 
Indefinite article, 122 



Indefinite pronouns, 114, 115 

adjectives, 121-123 
Independent, phrases, 57, 65 

noun, nominative by address, 
80 
Indicative mood, 31, 32 

tenses of, 34 

in conditional sentences, 44 

use of may, might, would, 

should, in, 46 

Indirect object, 20-22 

Indirect questions, 105 

Infinitive, uses of, 50 

as noun, 50-52 

as adjective, 52 

as adverb, 53 

independent, 65 

without to, 54 

with subject, 51 

review of, 54-56 

parsing of, 56 

phrase, analysis of, 56, 57 
Inflection, defined, 9 

of verbs, 29 

of nouns, 78 

of pronouns, 100 

of adjectives, 123 

of adverbs, 132 
Ing forms, 

summary and review of, 65- 
67 
Interjection, 166 
Interrogative sentence, 5 

pronouns, 100, 105 

adjectives, 119, 122 

adverbs, 134 
Intransitive verbs, 13, 14 

becoming transitive with 
preposition, 13 

of state or condition, 14-16 
Intransitive verbals, 

complements of, 79, 80, 87 
Irregular comparison, 

of adjectives, 123, 124 

of adverbs, 132 
Irregular verbs, 10, II 



Like, uses of, 169 



196 



INDEX 



M. 

May and might, in subjunctive, 
27, 32, 37 

in indicative, 46 
Mood, indicative, 31, 32, 44, 46 

imperative, 32 

subjunctive, 32, 44 

review of, 46-48 
Must, 11, 27 



N. 

Neuter gender, 78 
Kominative case, of nouns, 79 

after verbs of incomplete 
predication, 79, 80 

after intransitive and passive 
verbals, 79, 80, 87 

by address, 80-82 

absolute, 80-82 

review of, 83 
Nominative, absolute, 80-82 

predicate, 25 
Noun, defined, 7, 76 

classified, 76-78 

inflection of, 78 

number and gender of, 78 

case of, 79 

person of, 91 

parsing of, 91, 92 

predicate, 14-16 
Noun clauses, 72-75, 93-97 

how introduced, 93, 94 

analyzed, 75, 97-99 
Noun phrases, 92 
Number, agreement of verbs in, 
29-31 

of nouns, 78 

of collective nouns, 76 

of pronouns, 100, 105, 107, 
114 



O. 



Object of preposition, 148-150 

phrase as, 51, 151 

clause as, 93, 151 
Object, of transitive verb, 11, 
12 



Object, becoming subject, 19 
indirect, 20-22 
infinitive and gerund phrases 

used as, 50-52, 60, 62, 92 
clause used as, 72-75, 93, 94, 
98 
Objective, adverbial, 85, 86 

cognate, 13 
Objective case, of nouns, 84- 
87 
after intransitive and pas- 
sive verbals, 79, 87 
as subject of infinitive, 51 
Objective complement, 22 
Omission, 

of relative pronoun. 111 

of introductory conjunction 

that, 72 
of phrase before clause in 
apposition, 94 
Only, uses of, 170 
Ought, 11 



P. 



Parenthetical phrase, 65 

clause, 158 
Parsing, of verb. 48, 49 

of noun, 91, 92 

of pronoun, 100, 105, 112, 
116 

of adjective, 125 

of adverb, 138, 139 

of preposition, 151 

of conjunction, 165 
Participial, adjective, 57, 65, 

66 
Participial phrase analyzed, 

59 
Participle, defined. 57 

forms of, 37, 41 

use of, 57-59 

parsing of, 59 

past, how found. 11 

in absolute phrase. 57, 80 
Parts of speech defined, 7 
Passive voice, 17-20 

complements after, 23, 24, 79, 
80, 87, 119 

formation of, 28 



I^s^DEX 



197 



Passive voice, conjugation of, 

39-41 
Past tense distinguished from 

present perfect, 37-39 
Past subjunctive, in condi- 
tional sentences, 44-46 
Person, of nouns, 91 

of pronouns, 100, 112 

of verbs, 29-31 
Personal pronoun, 100-102 

compound, 102 
Phrasal adverbs, 132 

conjunctions, 159 

prepositions, 148 
Phrase, defined, 1 

distinguished from clause, 2 

noun, 92 

adjective, 126-128 

adverbial, 135-137 

independent, 65 

absolute, 57, 59 

as object of preposition, 151 

complex, 68 

compound, 162 

parenthetical, 65 

uses, summary of, 68 
Possessive case, 79, 88 

of personal pronoun, 100 

of interrogative pronoun, 106 

of relative pronoun, 107 
Possessive pronoun, 103-105 
Predicate adjective, 14-16 

after passive, 23, 24 
Predicate nominative, 25 
Predicate noun, 14-16, 72, 92 

after passive, 23, 24 
Preposition, defined, 7, 148 

phrase introduced by, 148 

object of, 93-98, 148, 149-151 

phrasal, 148 

parsing ofy 151 
Prepositional phrase, 68 

complex, 68 
Present perfect tense distin- 
guished from past, 37-39 
Principal parts of verb, 10, 11 
Principal verb, 27 

word of phrase, 68 

proposition, 3 
Pronoun, defined, 7, 100 



Pronoun, classified, 100 

personal, 100-102 

interrogative, 105 

relative, 106-109, 111, 112 

adjective, 114-116 

compound personal, 102 

compound relative, 109-111 

indefinite relative, 109-111 

possessive, 103-105 

review of, 116-118 
Proper nouns, 76-78 

adjectives, 119 

R. 

Reflexive iise of pronouns, 102 
Regular verbs, 10, 11 
Relative pronoun, 106-109 

compound, 109-111 

indefinite, 109-111 

omission of. 111 

parsing of, 112 

as, as a, 107, 158 
Review, • of complements, 25- 
27 

of infinitives, 54-56 

of verbals, 62-65 

of forms in ing, 66 

of nominative case, 83 

of objective case, 86 

of case, 89-91 

of noun phrases, 92 

of noun clauses, 95-97 

of pronouns, 116-118 

of adjective phrases, 126-128 

of analysis, 171-184 



Second person, 91, 100 
Sentence, defined, 2 

classified according to struc- 
ture, 3 

classified according to use, 5 

simple, 3, 68-72 

complex, 3, 72-75, 93-99, 128- 
131, 137-147, 153-158 

compound, 162-165 

conditional, 44 

elliptical, 142-144 
Shall and icill, 37 



198 



INDEX 



Should and would, 44, 46 
Since, uses of, 169 
Subjunctive mood, 32, 37, 44 

T. 

Tense, defined, 34 

Tenses, 

in conditional sentence, 44-46 
use of present perfect, and 

past, 37-39 
in subjunctive mood, 37, 44 
in emphatic form, 42 
in interrogative form, 42 
in progressive passive, 41 

That, uses of, 169 
omitted, 72, HI 

The, as adverb, 132 

Third person, 92 

Transitive verb, 11, 12, 13 
voice of, 17-20 
indirect object of, 20-22 
with attributive complement, 
22, 23 

V. 

Verb, defined, 7 

classified, 10 

principal parts of, 10, 11 

regular, irregular, 10, 11 

defective, 10, 11, 27 

impersonal, 42 

redundant, 10 

transitive, 11, 12, 13, 17-19, 
20, 23 

intransitive, of action, 13 

intransitive, of state or con- 
dition, 14, 15 

of incomplete predication, 14, 
15 



Verb, transitive or intransitive, 

16, 17 
transitive, with attributive 

complement, 22, 23 
principal and auxiliary, 27- 

29 
person and number of, 29-31 
mood of, 31-34, 44-48 
tense of, 34, 37-39 
conjugation of, 34-37, 39-44 
parsing of, 48, 49 
voice of, 17-20, 28, 39 
Verbals, defined, 50 
uses of, 50-62 
review of, 62-65 
table of, 67 
cases after, 79, 80, 87 
Voice, active and passive, 17- 

20, 39 
complements after passive, 

23, 24 
formation of passive, 28 



W. 

What, as interrogative pro- 
noun, 105 
as relative pronoun, 107, 109 
as indefinite relative pro- 
noun, 109-111 
summary of uses of, as pro- 
noun, 112-114 
as adverb, 113 
as adjective, 122 
Will, as defective verb, II 
as auxiliary verb, 27 
use of, 37 
Words used as diff'erent parts 
of speech, 168-170 



APR 25 1911 



One copy del. to Cat. Div. 



APR 25 t9t1 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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